<p>Cold Pike is a fell in the English Lake District. It is a satellite of Crinkle Crags and stands above the Upper Duddon Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>When travelling clockwise Crinkle Crags is the last of the high cirque of fells forming the head of upper Eskdale. It sends out a trio of ridges to the south, running parallel like the prongs of a trident. Working from the west these ridges culminate in Hard Knott, Little Stand and Cold Pike. The Cold Pike ridge begins indistinctly in an area of rocky knolls and small tarns beneath the Fifth Crinkle. Gradually gaining definition it descends to a broad grassy saddle before rising again to the summit plateau of Cold Pike. To the north of the saddle is Great How (2,283 ft). This top is considered by most guidebooks to be a subsidiary of Crinkle Crags rather than the nearer Cold Pike. Beyond the summit the ridge continues for another half mile south eastward before falling steeply over the many tiered crags of Wrynose Breast.</p><br>
<p>Wrynose Breast stands above the nascent Duddon and the Wrynose Pass road, which provides the only vehicular link between central Lakeland and the Duddon Valley. Together with Hardknott Pass to the west, Wrynose is the latest incarnation of the Roman road from Ambleside to the port of Ravenglass.</p><br>
<p>To the west of Cold Pike is the Gaitscale Beck, the watercourse separating it from Little Stand. To the east across a wide low col is Pike of Blisco, a conical fell with its footing firmly in Langdale. The source of the River Duddon flows south from this col, curving westward around the foot of Wrynose Breast. To the north is Red Tarn, a feeder via Oxendale of Great Langdale Beck. Red Tarn is an elongated pool whose stony bed can be seen through clear shallow waters, reputed to hold trout. It forms a focal point for walkers as the wide path from the summit of Wrynose Pass down to Stool End runs beside it, a further path branching off across the outflow to Crinkle Crags.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The fell top is composed of dacite lava flows with the volcaniclastic sandstones and tuffs of the Blisco Member outcropping to the south.</p><br>
<p>The main Red Tarn path was originally made to serve Red Crag Mine. This consists of a series of pits and trial borings for iron, concentrated about 300 yards north of the tarn. It was worked from 1860 to 1875 but never achieved commercial success.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit plateau of Cold Pike has three widely separated summits, all of which are listed as nuttalls. The lower two are unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps, but are generally referred to as Cold Pike West Top and Cold Pike Far West Top. The true summit is itself one of a series of three outcrops in a mild echoing of Crinkle Crags. Each has a cairn, the highest being a fine example. The top is an excellent place from which to survey Crinkle Crags, the Langdale Pikes, and the northern end of the Coniston Fells across Wrynose Bottom; there is a fine distant prospect of the Pennines above Windermere, and Morecambe Bay above the Duddon Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Cold Pike can be reached easily via Red Tarn from the carpark at the summit of Wrynose Pass. It can also be climbed (less easily) from Great Langdale. More ‘honest’ walkers beginning in the south may wish to start from Little Langdale or Wrynose Bottom, first ascending Wrynose Pass. A direct route from Wrynose Bottom is also possible although pathless, skirting around the left of the crags. A consideration here is that the Duddon will need to be forded when starting out. Cold Pike is often seen as a worthwhile detour en route to Crinkle Crags.</p><br>
<p>Loch Garry, , is a freshwater Loch 25 km north of Fort William, Lochaber, Scotland. Loch Garry is 11 km long and 50 m deep. It is fed by waters from Loch Quoich 10 km upstream on the River Garry, and drains into Loch Oich in the Great Glen just 5 km downstream. Loch Garry is much photographed from the A87 for its romantic setting and also because a quirk of perspective makes it appear like a map of Scotland.</p><br>
<p>Both lochs have been dammed for hydro-electric, the dam on Loch Quoich being the largest rockfill dam in Scotland at 320 m long and 38 m high. Water is fed by tunnel to the two power stations each producing 20MW, and the scheme was completed in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The Glen used to be home of the Clan MacDonnell of Glengarry, but since the Highland Clearances the population has been reduced to a handful of estates. The main activities are deerstalking and forestry, with little tourism apart from munro-baggers seeking some spectacularly remote mountains at the head of the glen. The lonely road along the north side of Loch Garry continues past Loch Quoich to Kinlochhourn from where a footpath continues to Knoydart.</p><br>
<p>There is another in Glengarry County, Ontario, Canada. This loch is named by Clan MacDonnell of Glengarry, after their previous home loch, Loch Garry in Scotland, after their emigration to the county from Scotland in result of the Highland Clearances.</p><br>
<p>Lake Sonoma is a reservoir west of Healdsburg in northern Sonoma County, California, created by the construction of Warm Springs Dam. Access from USA Route 101 is by way of Dry Creek Road from Healdsburg.</p><br>
<p>The lake provides water for countywide growth and development, and for recreation. At full capacity, it has 50 mi of shoreline, a surface area of more than 2,700 acre, Notable features include the Milt Brandt Visitor Center, the adjacent Congressman Don Clausen Fish Hatchery, and the Warm Springs Recreation Area below the dam.</p><br>
<p>The US Army Corps of Engineers built Warm Springs Dam across Dry Creek. Completed in 1982, this rolled-earth embankment dam is 319 ft high, 3,000 ft long, and 30 ft wide at the top. It contains 30,000,000 cubic yards of earth. The dam aids in flood control, and a hydroelectric plant produces electricity from the water released downstream. A minimum amount of flow must be maintained in Dry Creek to allow fish migration.</p><br>
<p>Pomo people had lived in the Dry Creek area since at least the 18th century, and some of them resisted the creation of the lake. Archaeologists at Sonoma State University have written about the prehistory and history of Warm Springs Dam, Lake Sonoma, and the Dry Creek Valley.</p><br>
<p>Canyon Lake is one of four reservoirs that were formed by the damming of the Salt River in the USA state of Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The lake was formed by the Mormon Flat Dam, which was completed in 1925 after two years of construction. Canyon Lake, with a surface area of 950 acre, is the third and smallest of four lakes created along the Salt River. Two others, Apache Lake and Roosevelt Lake, are upstream. The fourth, Saguaro Lake, is downstream.</p><br>
<p>Canyon Lake lies approximately 15 mi up the Apache Trail from Apache Junction, Arizona and 51 mi east of Phoenix. It is within the Superstition Wilderness of Tonto National Forest and is a popular recreation area for the Phoenix metropolitan area. Recreation amenities include hiking trails, camping, and boating, all managed by the United States Forest Service. Canyon Lake is a popular stop along the Apache Trail route from Apache Junction, Arizona, passing Tortilla Flat, Arizona, before reaching Apache Lake and Roosevelt Lake behind Theodore Roosevelt Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow Trout</p><br>
<p>Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Smallmouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Yellow Bass</p><br>
<p>Crappie</p><br>
<p>Sunfish</p><br>
<p>Catfish (Channel)</p><br>
<p>Walleye</p><br>
<p>Carp</p><br>
<p>Maipo is a stratovolcano in the Andes, lying on the border between Argentina and Chile. It is located 90 km south of Tupungato and about 100 km southeast of Santiago.</p><br>
<p>Maipo retains a symmetrical, conical volcanic shape, and is among the southernmost 5,000 metre peaks in the Andes.</p><br>
<p>Maipo is located within the Diamante caldera, a feature of about 15 km by 20 km size that is about one-half million years old. It rises about 1,900 m (6,230 ft) above the floor of the caldera. Immediately to the east of the peak, on the eastern side of the caldera floor, is Laguna del Diamante, a picturesque lake that formed when lava flows blocked drainage channels from the caldera in 1826. The Diamante Caldera erupted 450 km3 of tephra, 450 ka.</p><br>
<p>The region&#39;s climate is transitional between the drier Mediterranean climate of the peaks to the north and the cold, moist climate of Chilean Patagonia. Hence, while less glaciated than Patagonia, it has more permanent snow (on the wet, Chilean side) than peaks of similar elevation to the north.</p><br>
<p>Risco Plateado is a stratovolcano in Argentina, with an elevation of 4,999 m above sea level. With a prominence of 1,602 m, it is one of the many ultra prominent peaks in the Andes. The equilibrium line altitude of the volcano lies at an altitude of 3,800 m.</p><br>
<p>This stratovolcano has a 4 km wide caldera with eruptive centres on its northeastern and southwestern margins. These centres are aligned on a northeast-trending fracture that also includes a monogenetic centre 8 km northeast of the caldera (GVP). The volcano has produced long lava flows, although the more proximal parts of the flow were later degraded by glaciation. The volcano has been assigned a Holocene age given the young appearance of some of its eruption products. The volcanism was at first dacitic and later changed to basaltic andesite (GVP).</p><br>
<p>Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont, California, was the country house of William Chapman Ralston, a San Francisco businessman, founder of the Bank of California, and financier of the Comstock Lode. It is an opulent Italianate Villa, modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details. It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark. It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University.</p><br>
<h2>The mansion</h2><br>
<p>Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University, on the San Francisco Peninsula. The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani, former owner of the estate. Taking three years to build, it was completed in 1867, when San Francisco&#39;s leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula, an integral part of San Francisco high society. Architect John Painter Gaynor, who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, is thought to have worked on it. Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace.</p><br>
<p>A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall: "In a domed wing was the oval ballroom. Its walls were mirrored, and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room. I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball."</p><br>
<p>The Hall is a four-floor, 55,000 square foot (5,000 m²) mansion, with a stately dining room, a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition, an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris, a grand staircase, 23 crystal chandeliers, and inlaid wood floors. Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles, and incorporated several of the palace&#39;s elements in his design of the mansion. The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours. The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets. Ralston Hall houses a collection of antiques accumulated by Ralston, including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens, a stoney grotto, and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees.</p><br>
<h2>Uses of the mansion</h2><br>
<p>After Ralstons death, the estate passed to his former business partner, United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon, whose family lived in the house. Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh, 7th Baronet, of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time, taking place in the mansions ballroom. After Senator Sharons death in 1885, the mansion became Radcliffe Hall, a girls finishing school. From 1900 to 1922, it was the Gardner Sanitarium.</p><br>
<p>Since 1922, Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University, formerly the College of Notre Dame. It contains the admissions office and is rented out for society weddings and other occasions.</p><br>
<p>A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include:</p><br>
<p>President Ulysses S. Grant</p><br>
<p>Admiral David Farragut</p><br>
<p>Leland Stanford</p><br>
<p>Mark Hopkins</p><br>
<p>The Meghna River  is one of the most important rivers in Bangladesh, one of the three that forms the Ganges Delta, the largest delta on earth, which fans out to the Bay of Bengal. A part of the Surma-Meghna River System, Meghna is formed inside Bangladesh in Kishoreganj District above the town of Bhairab Bazar by the joining of the Surma and the Kushiyara, both of which originate in the hilly regions of eastern India as the Barak River. The Meghna meets its major tributary, the Padma, in Chandpur District. Other major tributaries of the Meghna include the Dhaleshwari, the Gumti, and the Feni. The Meghna empties into the Bay of Bengal in Bhola District via four principal mouths, named Tetulia , Shahbazpur, Hatia, and Bamni.</p><br>
<p>The Meghna is the widest river among those that flow completely inside the boundaries of Bangladesh. At a point near Bhola, Meghna is 12 km wide. In its lower reaches this river&#39;s path is almost perfectly straight.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Meghna is formed inside Bangladesh by the joining of the Surma and Kushiyara rivers originating from the hilly regions of eastern India. Down to Chandpur, Meghna is hydrographically referred to as the Upper Meghna. After the Padma joins, it is referred to as the Lower Meghna.</p><br>
<p>Near Muladhuli in Barisal district, the Safipur River is an offshoot of the Surma that creates one of the main rivers in South Bengal. 1.5 km wide, this river is one of the widest in the country as well.</p><br>
<p>At Chatalpar of Brahmanbaria District, the river Titas emerges from Meghna and after circling two large bends by a distance of about 150 miles, falls into the Meghna again near Nabinagar Upazila. The Titas forms as a single stream but braids into two distinct streams which remain separate before re-joining the Meghna.</p><br>
<p>In Daudkandi, (Comilla District), the Meghna is joined by the Gumti River, which increases the Meghnas waterflow considerably. The pair of bridges over the Meghna and Gumti are two of the countrys largest bridges.</p><br>
<p>Meghna is again reinforced by the Dhaleshwari before Chandpur. Further down, the Padma River- the largest distributary of the Ganges in Bangladesh, along with the Jamuna River- the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra, join with the Meghna in Chandpur District, resulting in the Lower Meghna.</p><br>
<p>When the brown and hazy water of the Padma mix with the clear water of the Upper Meghna, the two streams do not mix but flow in parallel down to the sea - making half of the river clear and the other half brown. This peculiarity of the river is always a great attraction for people.</p><br>
<p>After Chandpur, the combined flow of the Padma, Jamuna and Meghna moves down to the Bay of Bengal in an almost straight line, braiding occasionally into a number of riverines including the Pagli, Katalia, Dhonagoda, Matlab and Udhamodi. All of these rivers rejoin the Meghna at different points downstream.</p><br>
<p>Near Bhola, just before flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the river again divides into two main streams in the Ganges delta and separates an island from both sides of the mainland. The western stream is called Ilsha while the eastern one is called Bamni.</p><br>
<p>Thousand Lake Mountain is in South-Central Utah, United States, just northwest of Capitol Reef National Park and north of Boulder Mountain. Thousand Lake Mountain is surrounded by several small towns . The areas on and around Thousand Lake Mountain are used for farming, camping, hiking, horseback riding, hunting, and fishing. Thousand Lake Mountain is located in the easternmost section of Fishlake National Forest. A section of the Great Western Trail traverses the mountain from north to south. Thousand Lake Mountain is covered in boulders while Boulder Mountain has many lakes. There are several stories supposing to explain the mismatched names, most feasibly a cartographer writing the names he had been given on the wrong hills and not catching the mistake before maps were published.</p><br>
<p>The Six Mile Water is a river in southern County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It was historically called the  Ollar and is known in Irish as Abhainn na bhFiodh. The Six Mile Water is an indirect tributary of the River Bann, via Lough Neagh. It rises in the hills west of Larne and north of Carrickfergus and descends gently westward, flowing through or close to the communities of Ballynure, Ballyclare, Doagh, Parkgate, Templepatrick, Dunadry and Antrim into Lough Neagh. A weir exists at Ballyclare where water was diverted to the paper mill. The Six Mile Water Park was constructed around the river in Ballyclare, in order that the river&#39;s frequent floods would not affect houses in the area. It has a catchment of 117 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>While short, it is closer to 26 mi long than six; accounts vary as to the origins of the name. The most widely accepted story is that Norman soldiers marching from Carrickfergus Castle calculated that they had marched six miles (10 km) when they forded the river at Ballyclare. When the Normans built the castle at Carrickfergus they placed a line of outposts along the river which was then called the Ollar (River of the Rushes). In time the soldiers making the journey from Carrickfergus to Antrim reached the river at this spot when they had travelled six miles (10 km) so began to call the Ollar the Six Mile Water.</p><br>
<p>The banks of the river will soon be home to Lough Neagh Rescue Sixmilewater.</p><br>
<h2>Angling</h2><br>
<p>The Six Mile Water is famous for its trout fishing. It has brown trout, salmon and dollaghan. Salmon had virtually disappeared from the river by the early part of the 20th century. Local anglers, concerned about the poor state of the river, formed the Antrim and District Angling Association in the late 1950s. They identified the main problems as pollution, habitat degradation through drainage works and obstructions, mainly weirs built in the 19th century for water power to supply the numerous mills in the area. Regulations to control methods of fishing and number of fish caught, together with protection of the river from poaching and pollution enabled native brown trout and dollaghan numbers to improve substantially by the 1970s. By 2004 over 200 salmon were caught by anglers in that year. The run of salmon in 2004 into the river probably exceeded its Conservation Limit for the first time in over 100 years.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The river is the subject of the song Six Mile Water, by the Metal band Therapy?. It appeared on their fifth full-length album Suicide Pact - You First released in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Karditsa  is a city in western Thessaly in mainland Greece. The city of Karditsa is the capital of Karditsa regional unit.</p><br>
<p>Inhabitation is attested from 9000 BC. Karditsa ls linked with GR-30, the road to Karpenisi, and the road to Palamas and Larissa. Karditsa is south-west of Palamas and Larissa, west of Farsala and the Volos area, north-west of Athens, Lamia, Domokos and Sofades, north of Karpenisi, north-east of Arta, and east-south-east of Trikala, Grevena, Ioannina, and Kalampaka.</p><br>
<p>Karditsa has schools, lyceums, gymnasium, the Veterinary Medicine Department of the University of Thessaly, three technical education departments, church, banks, a post office, a Railway station on the Trikala - Karditsa - Domokos line, a sports ground, a water tower, and squares. Karditsa is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in Greece with an extensive network of bicycle paths. Approximately 30% of all the city transportation, according to the National Technical University of Athens, is done by bicycles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the period of Ottoman rule in Thessaly, the main settlement in the location of modern Karditsa was called Sotira. In 1810, the English traveler William Martin Leake mentioned a sprawling village named Kardhítza, consisting of between 500-600 houses, of which the majority of the inhabitants were Turkish.</p><br>
<p>Karditsa was incorporated as a new city in 1882, the year after its liberation from the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the resistance in Thessaly was fought primarily by the ELAS. In March 12, 1943 Karditsa was the first city in Europe to be liberated from Nazi occupation in the campaign fought by the ELAS.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Karditsa was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Itamos</p><br>
<p>Kallifoni</p><br>
<p>Kampos</p><br>
<p>Karditsa</p><br>
<p>Mitropoli</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 647.3878 km, the municipal unit 110.086 km.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Karditsa is divided into six parts (communities):</p><br>
<p>Agiopigi</p><br>
<p>Artesiano</p><br>
<p>Karditsa</p><br>
<p>Karditsomagoula</p><br>
<p>Palioklissi</p><br>
<p>Rousso</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Sports</h3><br>
<p>Karditsa has many clubs in various sport. The most of them are active in football such as Anagennisi Karditsa, AO Karditsa, Asteras Karditsa and Elpides Karditsas. The club SPA Karditsa is active in volleyball.</p><br>
<p>Nottingham Island  is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Hudson Strait, just north of the entrance into Hudson Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nottingham Island was named by the English explorer Henry Hudson in 1610. A weather station was constructed on the island in 1884. In 1927, an airfield was constructed as part of a program to monitor ice in Hudson Bay. The island became uninhabited in October 1970 as Inuit residents migrated to larger towns, primarily Cape Dorset.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is known for its prominent walrus population.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>It is the birthplace of the late Inuit artist Pitseolak Ashoona as well as photographer Peter Pitseolak.</p><br>
<p>The River Laune  is a river in County Kerry, Ireland which flows from Lough Leane , one of the Lakes of Killarney, through Beaufort, past Ballymalis Castle, through the town of Killorglin, and empties into the sea, first at Castlemaine harbour beside the river Maine and then out through Dingle Bay. The Laune is well known for salmon and trout fishing.</p><br>
<p>The river Laune is 14 mi long and combined with the River Flesk 28.25 mi, which feeds Lough Leane, has a total length of 42.25 mi. It has a mean flow rate of 43 m³/s.Riverine Inputs and Direct Discharges to Convention Waters</p><br>
<p>Annex V Statistical information on river catchment areas</p><br>
<p>P. 70 (Convert 1,000m³/d into m³/s)</p><br>
<p>The River Laune, flows approximately 20 km to drain Killarney’s Lough Leane into the sea at Castlemaine Harbour. The Laune carries most of the rainfall from the MacGillycuddy Reeks, Ireland’s highest mountain range. Many streams on the south side of the Reeks drain into Killarney’s Upper Lake before filtering down to Lough Leane. As the River Laune drains Lough Leane to the sea, it is fed by two rivers running north from the Reeks, the River Loe from the Gap of Dunloe and the Gaddagh River from the heart of the Reeks. Another tributary, the Cottoners River, carries rainwater from the west of the Reeks. On the southern side of the bridge, a low embankment runs upstream for about 1 km towards Killarney. This is part of over 40 km of embankments that prevent the sea from flooding low-lying land around Castlemaine Harbour. These embankments exist due to Napoleon’s dominance in Europe around the year 1808. The British government were looking for alternative sources of hemp to make sailcloth for their navy to defend against a possible invasion.</p><br>
<p>If the bogs of Ireland could be drained then they could be used to grow this raw material without impacting on the existing agricultural output of the country. In 1811-1812 Alexander Nimmo surveyed and mapped over 76,000 acres (30,700 ha) of land on the Iveragh Peninsula for the Bogs Commission. Over 17,000 acres (7,000 ha) of this were on the sea shore area of the Laune River, Lower Maine River and Castlemaine Harbour. These stone and earthen banks still prevent high tides flooding much of this land. The banks vary from 1 m to over 5 m in height. Sluice gates allow water drain out at low tide and prevent rising tides from flooding the land. The banks run from the townland of Tullig near Cromane, to Killorglin, part way up the Laune, around the area of Callinafercy, up both sides of the Maine River and along the north side of Castlemaine Harbour, part way to Inch. Various major repairs are evident where large rocks and concrete have replaced the stone and earth, although much of the original banks are still intact.</p><br>
<p>The Killorglin river bank walk and the Astellas river bank walk downstream of the Metal Bridge are both part of these 200-year-old embankment</p><br>
<h2>Killorglin County Bridge</h2><br>
<p>Killorglin’s County Bridge was built in 1885. It replaced an older wooden bridge that apparently got covered during high Spring tides. The current bridge is built from local limestone, moved by horse and cart from Steelroe Quarries approximately 1 km away on the Tralee Road. Stonecutters shaped each stone by hand to make up the piers, the eight stone arches and the side walls of the bridge. Each arch is 15.24 m long making a total length of 123 m.</p><br>
<h2>Art on the Laune</h2><br>
<p>In 2001 the Killorglin Millennium Committee built “ Faiche Ri Na Phoic” (The lawn of King of Puck) and erected the Puck Statue at the northern end of the bridge. The goat symbolises the tradition of Puck Fair held in the town on 10, 11 and 12 August every year since the early 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The Puck Poets Corner was added in 2010. This displays verses about Killorglin from various contributors dating back as far as the year 1876. Featuring poets such as Edso Crowley, Sigerson Clifford, Johnny Patterson and Peter Joy.</p><br>
<p>The River Deel  is in County Cork and County Limerick, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The river rises near Dromina in north County Cork and flows north into County Limerick for over 60 km to enter the Shannon Estuary at Askeaton.</p><br>
<p>After it rises it passes the flowing areas, first Milford and down towards Belville bridge, then on to Castlemahon (Mahoonagh) and nearby Newcastle West, running parallel to the main Limerick-Killarney N21 road, to reach Rathkeale.</p><br>
<p>After leaving Rathkeale, the river crosses the N21 and heads for its confluence and estuary at Askeaton.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Deel derives its name from daol, an Irish word for a beetle, insect or worm, because of its winding, bending shape.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The Deel was once a good salmon and grilse fishery but now is mainly fished for brown trout.</p><br>
<p>The River Maigue rises in the Milford area of north County Cork, Ireland. The River Maigue is 38.75 miles long. It drains an area of 1,000 km</p><br>
<p>It is joined by the small River Glen and the larger River Loobagh in south County Limerick. It then flows north through Bruree, after which it augmented by the River Morning Star. It flows through Croom and Adare before entering the Shannon Estuary just north of Ferry Bridge (Between) Kildimo and Clarina, County Limerick, just west of Limerick city. The River Maigue is tidal up to Adare on the N21 Road Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times the Maigue was central to the territories of the O&#39;Donovans and their predecessors in Uí Chairpre Áebda (Cairbre Eva). The majority of its towns and villages were once the sites of fortresses. Later these territories were occupied by the FitzGerald dynasty.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<h3>River Loobagh</h3><br>
<p>The Loobagh is a river with healthy Trout and Salmon populations. It rises in the hills south of Kilfinane and flows through Kilmallock. It joins the Maigue south of Bruree.</p><br>
<h3>Morning Star River</h3><br>
<p>The Morning Star is a little river which flows westwards through rich farmland through Bruff and Athlacca to join the Maigue north of Bruree.</p><br>
<h3>Camogue River</h3><br>
<p>The River Camogue flows in a westerly direction through Grange, Meanus and Manister and joins the Maigue upstream of Croom.</p><br>
<p>Little Cornwallis Island is one of the Canadian Arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada. It is located at 75°30N 96°30W, between Cornwallis Island and Bathurst Island in McDougall Sound, and measures 412 km&sup2;. It is uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>Little Cornwallis Island was the home to Polaris Mine, the most poleward base-metal mine in the world. In 1960 a vast concentration of zinc and lead was discovered on the island during mapping for oil permits. Cominco acquired land in the area and a gravity survey in 1970 detected a large anomaly. By 1973 surface drilling and underground development had outlined the Polaris ore body and defined reserves of about 25 million tons grading approximately 14% zinc and 4% lead. A mining facility was constructed on a barge at Trois-Rivières, Quebec and towed to the island; arriving in mid August 1981. Production commenced in 1982. The mile-long gravel runway allowed aircraft as large as the Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 to service the mine. The mine was closed in August 2002 as forecast due to depletion of the ore body. From 1982-2002 the mine processed 21 million tons of ore grading 3.72% lead and 15.81% zinc, producing 733,800 tons of lead metal and 2.8 million tons of zinc metal in concentrate. A two-year, $53 million decommissioning and reclamation program was completed in September 2004.</p><br>
<p>During the operating lifetime of the mine, there was a company-owned camp to provide lodgings to miners, and the community and mine was serviced by Bell Canada and then by Northwestel.</p><br>
<p>Flathead Lake  is the largest natural freshwater lake by surface area that is west of the Mississippi River in the contiguous United States, if one takes Red Lake and Lake of the Woods to be north of the Mississippi River, rather than west of the river.</p><br>
<p>With a surface area of between 191.5 square miles and 197 square miles, Flathead Lake is slightly larger in surface area than Lake Tahoe, but it is much smaller in volume.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a remnant of the ancient, massive glacial dammed lake, Lake Missoula of the era of the last interglacial. Flathead Lake is 27.3 mi long and up to 15.5 mi wide. Flathead Lake has a maximum depth of 370.7 ft, It is one of the cleanest lakes in the populated world for its size and type.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Located in the northwest corner of the state of Montana, 7 miles (11 km) south of Kalispell, it is approximately 30 miles (50 km) long and 16 miles (25 km) wide, covering 191.5 square miles (495.9 km²), making it approximate in size to Minnesota&#39;s Mille Lacs Lake and half the area of San Francisco Bay (main bay). Flathead Lake is 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Glacier National Park and is flanked by two scenic highways, which wind along its curving shoreline. On the west side is USA Route 93, and on the east, is Route 35.</p><br>
<p>The lake is bordered on its eastern shore by the Mission Mountains and on the west by the Salish Mountains. The Flathead valley was formed by the glacial damming of the Flathead River and sustains a remarkably mild climate for a region located this far north and inland; the Pacific Ocean is almost 400 miles to the west. The mild climate allows for cherry orchards on the east shore and vineyards for wine production on the west shore. There are also apple, pear and plum orchards around the lake as well as vegetables, hay, honey, nursery tree, Christmas tree, sod/turf and wheat production bordering or near the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Once known as "Salish Lake", this body of water takes its name from the Salish (Flathead) Indians who live at the southern end of the lake on the Flathead Indian Reservation. Kerr Dam, near Polson, regulates the lakes water level and provides hydroelectric power and water for irrigation. The lake has an irregularly-shaped shoreline and a dozen small islands, the largest of which is a state park called Wild Horse Island. These islands cover 5.5 square miles (14.2 square kilometers). Besides the Flathead River, the Swan River (known also as the Bigfork River where it enters the lake) is the lakes other major tributary. The lake is inhabited by the native bull trout and cutthroat trout, as well as the non-native lake trout, yellow perch, and lake whitefish. Local residents have reported sighting other aquatic fauna in the lake as well, such as sturgeon and the Flathead Lake Monster.</p><br>
<p>The opossum shrimp, Mysis diluviana, were introduced by Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks in the Flathead drainage basin to encourage production of larger kokanee salmon and wound up in Flathead Lake. Lake trout had been introduced 80 years prior but remained at low densities until nonnative Mysis became established. The bottom-dwelling mysids eliminated a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout by providing a deep water source of food where little was available previously. Lake trout subsequently flourished on mysids and this voracious piscivore now dominates the lake fishery; formerly abundant kokanee were extirpated, and native bull and westslope cutthroat trout are imperiled. Predation by Mysis shifted zooplankton and phytoplankton community size structure. Bayesian change point analysis of primary productivity (27-y time series) showed a significant step increase of 55 mg C m−2 d−1 (i.e., 21% rise) concurrent with the mysid invasion, but little trend before or after despite increasing nutrient loading. Mysis facilitated predation by lake trout and indirectly caused the collapse of kokanee, redirecting energy flow through the ecosystem that would otherwise have been available to other top predators (bald eagles).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Flathead Lake lies at the southern end of a geological feature called the Rocky Mountain Trench. The trench, which formed with the Rocky Mountains, extends north into the southern Yukon as a straight, steep valley, which also holds the headwaters of the Columbia River. During the last ice age this trench was filled by an enormous glacier. As the glacier moved southward it carved out the trench. The Polson Moraine, near present-day Polson, Montana, marks the southernmost extent of the glacier during the last ice age and thus is the site of the glacier&#39;s terminal moraine.</p><br>
<p>The large size of the Polson Moraine indicates that the glacier stalled here for many years before retreating. As the climate warmed, a portion of the glacier in the Mission Valley receded more slowly than the main body, which kept the lake basin from being filled with sediment. Eventually this ice also melted, forming a lake behind the moraine. Once the water reached the top of this moraine dam, it began to cut a channel through it. Most moraine dammed lakes drain quickly because water cuts entirely through the moraine. However, Flathead Lake remains because a bedrock hill buried underneath the Polson Moraine prevented the moraine from being completely cut through so the meltwater never completely drained.</p><br>
<p>At one time, probably when the valley was partially filled by a glacier, the level of Flathead Lake was about 500 feet (150 m) higher and drained through the valley west of Elmo, Montana, which is at the end of Big Arm Bay, bottom center in the aerial photo above. Water carved out a wide, flat-bottomed pass with a deeper, narrow channel at the south edge of the pass. The deeper channel and traces of the dry riverbed are still visible from Route 28.</p><br>
<h2>Fishes of Flathead Lake</h2><br>
<p>Flathead Lake is home to a number of native and non-native fishes, and is managed cooperatively by both Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. The lake is home to home to the semi-annual "Mack Days" Lake Trout fishing contest, which aims to reduce the mackinaw (lake trout) populations, as well as educate people about the Flathead Lake Fisheries Management Plan. Like the majority of other nonnative species, they became established in the lake from the late 1800s-early 1900s. The introduction of lake trout has placed increased pressure on the ecologically similar threatened bull trout.</p><br>
<p>Since the inception of this event in 2002, over 402,000 lake trout have been harvested.</p><br>
<p>Native</p><br>
<p>Cutthroat Trout</p><br>
<p>Northern Pikeminnow</p><br>
<p>Bull Trout</p><br>
<p>Mountain Whitefish</p><br>
<p>Westslope Cutthroat Trout</p><br>
<p>Nonnative</p><br>
<p>Brown Trout</p><br>
<p>Lake Trout</p><br>
<p>Golden Trout</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout</p><br>
<p>Brook Trout</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Trout</p><br>
<p>Kokanee Salmon</p><br>
<p>Northern Pike</p><br>
<p>Yellow Perch</p><br>
<p>Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Smallmouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Sturgeon (sp)</p><br>
<p>In addition to these commonly-pursued game fish, the lake is also home to other native species that currently aren&#39;t actively managed by government fish and wildlife agencies, including the Longnose Sucker, Redside Shiner, and Slimy Sculpin.</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<p>Lougheed Island is one of the uninhabited islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut. It measures 1,312 km&sup2; in size. It is relatively isolated compared to other Canadian Arctic islands, and is located in the Arctic Ocean, halfway between Ellef Ringnes Island to the northeast and Melville Island to the southwest. It is part of the Findlay Group.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first known sighting of the island was in 1916 by Vilhjalmur Stefansson, during his Canadian Arctic Expedition.</p><br>
<p>On April 14, 1993, Environment Canada revoked a permit issued to Panarctic Oils Ltd. to dispose of 400 tonnes of scrap metal in the ocean off Lougheed Island. The decision was taken in response to concerns expressed by residents of Grise Fiord, Resolute, Arctic Bay and Pond Inlet. Instead of disposing of the material at sea, a research project was initiated to evaluate the environmental impact of stockpiling scrap metal on Lougheed Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, Larry Newitt of the Geological Survey of Canada and Charles Barton of the Australian Geological Survey Organization established a temporary magnetic observatory on Lougheed Island, close to the predicted position of the North Magnetic Pole, in order to monitor short-term fluctuations of the Earth&#39;s magnetic field.</p><br>
<p>Meighen Island is an uninhabited member of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Features and history</h2><br>
<p>Located at 79°55N 99°30W, it measures 955 km&sup2; in size and is topped with an ice cap. The island is continuously icebound, and its northwestern coast faces onto the open Arctic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Unlike many Canadian Arctic islands, no traces of Inuit or Thule camps have been found, suggesting the island has never been inhabited, likely due to its extreme northern latitude.</p><br>
<p>The first known sighting of the island was in 1916, during the Canadian Arctic Expedition by Vilhjalmur Stefansson or perhaps by Frederick Cook in 1909.</p><br>
<h3>Naming</h3><br>
<p>The island was later named after Arthur Meighen, Canadian prime minister 1920-21 and 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Neighbouring islands</h2><br>
<p>Meighen Island has few neighbours. It is about 40 km west of the next nearest major island, Axel Heiberg Island. About 4 km to Meighen&#39;s north, across the Hose Strait, lies small crescent-shaped Perley Island. The Fay Islands lie between Meighen Island and Axel Heiberg Island within the Sverdrup Channel.</p><br>
<p>With its 320 km&sup2, Hiva Oa is the second largest island in the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Located at 9 45 south latitude and 139 W longitude, it is the largest island of the southern Marquesas group. Around 2,200 people reside on the island. A volcano, Temetiu, is Hiva Oas highest point with 1,200 m.</p><br>
<p>According to local religion, the gods created the Marquesas as their home. Therefore, all islands have names that are related with the building of a house - Hiva Oa means long ridgepole.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Administratively, Hiva Oa is part of the commune (municipality) of Hiva-Oa, itself in the administrative subdivision of the Marquesas Islands. Atuona, on the coast of Hiva Oa island, is the administrative centre of the commune. Atuona was formerly the seat of government for all of the Marquesas Islands, but it has been replaced by Taiohae on Nuku Hiva island.</p><br>
<p>The island is famous as the final home of French painter Paul Gauguin and Belgian singer Jacques Brel, both of whom are buried in Calvary Cemetery, overlooking Atuona. It is also home to the largest tiki sculptures in French Polynesia.</p><br>
<p>In late pre-European times, the island was nearly evenly divided into two provinces—Nuku in the west, and Pepane in the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hiva Oa is the largest and most fertile of the southern Marquesas islands and second only to Nuku Hiva in size. Similar to all the larger Marquesas, Hiva Oa features steep cliffs abruptly rising from the ocean to a rugged interior spine of volcanic mountains, ridges, and deep, isolated valleys. Unlike most other Polynesian islands near the equator, no fringing coral reefs protect Hiva Oa from the pounding of the ocean and only a few sheltered anchorages and sandy beaches are scattered around the coast. Travel along the shoreline is by boat as most of the coastal terrain is too rugged for roads. A few dirt roads traverse the interior and link seacoast villages and settlements. Atuona Airport is located at an elevation of 1,481 ft on a plateau near the center of the island and has an asphalt-surfaced runway 3,986 ft long with daily flights to other Marquesas islands and Tahiti.</p><br>
<p>The outstanding geologic characteristic of Hiva Oa is the collapsed volcano Temetiu. Semi-circular Taa Oa bay, also called the Bay of Traitors, is in the crater of the volcano whose walls rise sharply 1,000 m above the bay. Within Taa Oa are Atuona Bay and adjacent Taha Uku which are the best anchorages on the island. Taha Uku has a protective seawall built in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Hiva Oa is separated from the nearby island of Tahuata to its south by a 2.5 mi wide channel called Ha&#39;ava or the Canal de Bordelais.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Temperatures in the Marquesas are stable year around, but precipitation is highly variable. Precipitation is much greater on the north and east (windward) parts of the islands and much less on the western (leeward) parts. Droughts, sometimes lasting several years, are frequent and seem to be associated with the El Niño phenomena. The highest annual rainfall recorded in Atuona is 148.2 in; the lowest is 22 in.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>In 2012, the population of Hiva Oa was 2,190, of which 1,845 lived in the commune of Acounda and 345 in the village of Puama&#39;u. The inhabitants speak the southern Marquesan language, related to other Polynesian languages, and French.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded sighting of Hiva Oa by the Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña on 21 July 1595. They charted it as Dominica.</p><br>
<p>The Disappointment Islands  are a subgroup of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia. They are located towards the northeast, away from the main Tuamotu group.</p><br>
<p>The Disappointment Islands are a small group of coral islands, which includes the island of Tepoto and the atoll of Napuka. Puka-Puka, 180 mi to their southeast, is often included in this subgroup.</p><br>
<p>These islands are arid, and are not especially conducive to human habitation.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The Disappointment Islands are sparsely populated. The inhabitants are overwhelmingly native Polynesians. According to the 2002 census, the population of the islands is as follows:</p><br>
<p>* Tepoto: 54</p><br>
<p>* Napuka: 257</p><br>
<p>* Puka-Puka: 197</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Administratively Tepoto Island belongs to the commune of Napuka, while Puka-Puka has its own commune.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The western Disappointment Islands, Tepoto and Napuka, were colonized by voyagers from the neighboring Tuamotus, but Puka-Puka was colonized by settlers from the Marquesas Islands, several hundred miles to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>These islands were first sighted by Ferdinand Magellan in his 1520 expedition to the Philippines and the Spice Islands, who called them the "Unfortunate Islands" (Islas Infortunadas) because they could not find a water source there from which to replenish, while en route to the Philippine Islands.</p><br>
<p>Further European contact with Napuka Atoll only took place again two centuries later, in 1765, with British explorer John Byron. He named Napuka and Tepoto "Disappointment Islands" because he found the natives to be of a hostile disposition toward him. The islands were also visited by the United States Exploring Expedition in 1839.</p><br>
<p>Puka-Puka is a small coral atoll in the north-eastern Tuamotu Archipelago, sometimes included as a member of the Disappointment Islands. This atoll is quite isolated, the nearest land being Fakahina, located 182 km to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Puka-Puka Atoll has an elliptical shape. Its length is 6 km and its maximum width 3.3 km. The lagoon is filled with silt and has become very small.</p><br>
<p>The low coral islands are dry and sparsely populated. According to the 2012 census, the total population was 166. The chief town is Te One Mahina, with about 110 inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the rest of the Tuamotus, the language of the islands, Pukapukan, is Marquesic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Puka-Puka was the first of the Tuamotus sighted by the Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan on 21 January 1521, and charted as San Pablo because it was discovered on the day of St. Paul&#39;s conversion. Together with Flint Island (named Tiburones) they were named Islas Infortunadas (Unfortunate Islands in Spanish)</p><br>
<p>Dutch explorers Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten arrived at Puka-Puka on April 10, 1616 during their Pacific journey. They called this atoll "Honden Eiland" ("Dog Island").</p><br>
<p>On 30 July 1947, Thor Heyerdahl and his six-man expedition aboard the raft Kon Tiki made their first sighting of land since departing Callao, Peru when they passed by Puka-Puka.</p><br>
<p>The islands were devastated by a typhoon in 1996. However, with French assistance, Te One Mahina has been rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>Puka-Puka Airport was inaugurated in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Puka-Puka is the name of the administrative commune in which it lies, of which it is the sole atoll.</p><br>
<p>Rapa, sometimes called Rapa Iti , a name for Easter Island), is the largest and only inhabited island of the Bass Islands in French Polynesia. An older name for the island is Oparo. Its area is 40 km with a population of almost 500 and a max elevation of 650 m. Its main town is Ahuréi.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rapa Iti is located at 27&deg;35&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 144&deg;20&prime;00&Prime;W longitude. It is shaped roughly like a Greek final sigma (ς), with a well-protected central bay, surrounded by a ring of relatively high mountains. The whole island appears very much to be the peak of a sinking volcano, with the bay as the caldera. The area of the main island is 38.5 km. Little Rapa Tauturau is an offshore island.</p><br>
<p>Its main town, Ahuréi (or Hauréi), lies on the southern shore of that bay, which is called the Baie dAhuréi. A smaller village, Area, is located on the northern shore of the bay. The people are Polynesian. Former times warfare is indicated by 28 extant ridgetop forts. Today Rapa is home to the Tahitian Choir, in which a third of the island&#39;s population sing traditional songs.</p><br>
<p>Although sometimes considered part of the Austral Islands, Rapa Iti and the Bass Islands have a different geological, linguistic and cultural history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rapa Iti was first settled by Polynesians, most likely in the 13th century. Their Polynesian dialect developed into what is today the Rapa over the centuries. It is believed that the depletion of natural resources on the island resulted in warfare, and the inhabitants lived in up to 14 fortified settlements ("pa" or "pare", a type of fort) on peaks and clifftops. It is considered that the oldest of these is Morongo Uta, which was developed.</p><br>
<p>The first European to visit Rapa Iti was George Vancouver on 22 December 1791; he named the island Oparo. Contact with Europeans brought liquor and disease, and between 1824 and 1830 over three quarters of the natives died. When a handful of their victims were returned to the island, they brought with them smallpox, which caused an epidemic. In 1826, there were almost 2000 inhabitants; forty years later, there were fewer than 120.</p><br>
<p>The independent island kingdom was declared a French protectorate in 1867. The British established a coaling station on the island, which prompted France to formally annex it on 6 March 1881. Subsequently, the native monarchy was abolished and the last queen, the daughter or Parima, was deposed on 18 June 1887.</p><br>
<p>Thor Heyerdahl, notably, made excavations in Morongo Uta, seeking links between Rapa Iti and Rapa Nui (Easter Island).</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The Manatau French Polynesian Reserve is a special French Polynesian Reserve to protect the animals and ridgetop forts of an area of southern Rapa. It is located near South Ahuréi.</p><br>
<p>The island is home to the endemic and vulnerable Rapa fruit dove which is threatened by habitat loss, predation by feral cats and hunting. Its population was estimated in 1989-90 at 274 individual birds. Other birds include the near threatened Murphys petrel, the endangered Newells shearwater, both of which nest there in small numbers, and the vulnerable bristle-thighed curlew which is a non-breeding visitor while migrating. Because of its significance for these species the island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The commune of Rapa consists of the islands of Rapa Iti and the four uninhabited Marotiri rocks.</p><br>
<p>Jolo  is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines and is the primary island of the province of Sulu wherein its capital of the same name is situated. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Borneo and Mindanao, and has a population of approximately 500,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The island is the location of the Jolo Group of Volcanoes, and contains numerous volcanic cones and craters, including the active Bud Dajo cinder cone.</p><br>
<p>The island is also the headquarters of Abu Sayyaf terrorists.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After a series of less-than-successful attempts during the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Spanish forces captured the city of Jolo, the seat of the Sultan of Sulu, in 1876.</p><br>
<p>On that year, the Spanish launched a massive campaign to occupy Jolo. Spurred by the need to curb slave raiding once and for all and worried about the presence of other Western powers in the south (the British had established trading centers in Jolo by the 19th century and the French were offering to purchase Basilan Island from the cash strapped government in Madrid, Spain), the Spanish made a final bid to consolidate their rule in this southern frontier. On 21 February of that year, the Spaniards assembled the largest contingent against Jolo, consisting of 9,000 soldiers, in 11 transports, 11 gunboats, and 11 steamboats. Headed by Admiral Jose Malcampo, the contingent captured Jolo and established a Spanish settlement with Capt. Pascual Cervera appointed to set up a garrison and serve as military governor; he served from March 1876 to December 1876 followed by Brig.Gen. Jose Paulin (December 1876 – April 1877), Col. Carlos Martinez (Sept 1877 – Feb 1880), Col. Rafael de Rivera (1880–1881), Col. Isidro G. Soto (1881–1882), Col. Eduardo Bremon, (1882), Col. Julian Parrrado (1882–1884), Col. Francisco Castilla (1884–1886), Col. Juan Arolas (1886–1893), Col. Caesar Mattos (1893), Gen. Venancio Hernandez (1893–1896) and Col. Luis Huerta (1896–1899).</p><br>
<p>By 1878 the Spaniards had fortified Jolo with a perimeter wall and tower gates, built inner forts called Puerta Blockaus, Puerta España, and Puerta Alfonso XII; and two outer fortifications named Princesa de Asturias and Torre de la Reina. Troops, including a cavalry with its own lieutenant commander, were garrisoned within the protective confine of the walls. From Jolo, in 1880 Col. Rafael Gonzales de Rivera who was appointed the governor dispatched the 6th Regiment to Siasi and Bongao islands. The Spaniards were not secure in their stronghold because it would be sporadically attacked. On 22 July 1883, it is reported that three unnamed juramentado succeeded in penetrating the Jolo town plaza and killed three Spaniards. The word "Ajuramentado" was coined by Spanish colonel Juan Arolas after witnessing several such acts while serving duty in Jolo garrison.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Spanish Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878. The Spanish-language version of the Treaty gave Spain complete sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago, this includes Basilan.</p><br>
<p>The Americans arrived in 1899, and by the turn of the century, the Philippine–American War was raging in Luzon. So as not to spread out their forces, the Americans employed the classic divide-and-rule tactic.</p><br>
<p>Initially Sultan Kiram was disappointed by the hand-over of control to the Americans and had expected to regain sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago after the defeat of the Spanish. Brig. General John C. Batess main goal though, was to guarantee the Sultanates neutrality in the Philippine–American War, and to establish order in Mindanao. After some negotiations, the Bates Treaty was signed.</p><br>
<p>This treaty was based on the earlier Spanish treaty, and it retained the translation discrepancy: the English version described a complete dependency, while the Tausug version described a protectorate. Although the Bates Treaty granted more powers to the Americans than the original Spanish treaty, the treaty was still criticized in America for granting too much autonomy to the Sultan. One particular clause, which recognized the Moro practice of slavery, also raised eyebrows in Washington, D.C. Bates later admitted that the treaty was merely a stop-gap measure, signed only to buy time until the war in the north was ended and more forces could be brought to bear in the south. The peace created by the Bates Treaty did not last, however. This became evident when the Muslims repudiated the Moro province, a politico-military government in Mindanao lasting from 1903 to 1914, and the Moro Rebellion soon broke out. It is important to note that barely two months before the creation of the Moro province, the American colonial government declared and classified all unoccupied lands as public lands. Immediately after the declaration, American investments entered Mindanao and mass migration of Christians was encouraged.</p><br>
<p>Jolo was occupied by the Japanese during World War II. On April 2, 1945, the Second Battalion of the USA 163rd Regiment, 41st Division (formerly the Montana National Guard) landed at Sanga Sanga and Bongao in the Sulu Archipelago, halfway between the island of Borneo and the Philippines. A week later, the other two battalions of the regiment left Mindanao and landed at Jolo, where they began fighting their way up heavily defended Mount Daho, the highest point on the island. The Sultan of Jolo, Muhammad Janail Abirin the 2nd, leader of the archipelago&#39;s 300,000 Moslems, welcomed Col. William J. Moroney, commander of the 163rd, and promised to help rid the island of Japanese. In three weeks of combat the 163rd suffered 37 dead and 191 wounded. Approximately 2,600 Japanese troops were killed, and only 87 Japanese soldiers were captured or surrendered on Jolo. Local fighters killed many Japanese stragglers hiding in the jungle after the Imperial Army surrendered in August, 1945.</p><br>
<p>Fighting on the island flared up again in February 2005 when between 4,000 and 5,000 Philippine troops clashed with around 800 Islamist militants from the Abu Sayyaf group, along with followers of Nur Misuari. Up to 12,000 people were thought to have fled the fighting. Fighting is still continuing today.</p><br>
<h2>Kidnappings</h2><br>
<p>On 17 September 2016, Kjartan Sekkingstad, age 56, from Sotra, Norway, was released on Jolo island, about 600 miles south of Manila, after Islamist captor Abu Sayyaf received $638,000 in ransom for his release. He was handed over to the rebel group Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). The MNLF is in peace talks with the government and had been working with authorities to secure his release. It is not known who has paid the ransom, but it is not Norwegian authorities. On 22 September 2015, Sekkingstad was abducted by Abu Sayyaf Islamist guerrillas from a high-end tourist resort on Samal Island, along with 2 Canadian men, John Ridsdel, age 68, and Robert Hall, age 67, and a Filipina woman, Marites Flor, Hall’s girlfriend. In April and June 2016, the Canadians were beheaded after ransoms were not paid, and in June 2016 Flor was released.</p><br>
<p>Cosmoledo Atoll is an atoll of the Aldabra Group and belongs to the Outer Islands of the Seychelles, and is located 1,029 km southwest of the capital, Victoria, on Mahé Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Cosmoledo is said to honor a Portuguese navigator who was part of Juan de Nova&#39;s crew.</p><br>
<p>Menai and Wizard Islands were named after ships that explored the atoll on the Moresby Expedition in 1822.</p><br>
<p>In 1878, Sergeant Rivers visited the atoll and reported that judging by the turtle remains on the beach, the atoll was frequently visited by fishermen and whalers. He found a recently destroyed hut and ‘turtle park’ on Menai; a hut on the southern point of Wizard built from the wreckage of the Merry Monarch (wrecked in April 1874), which had been burnt. He reported that Menai was virtually covered with tall mangroves. Cosmoledo was settled shortly after this and a visitor in 1895, noted 200-300 coconut trees, maize and goats. By 1901 there were just two men on Menai, one on Wizard and four on North-east Island. Exploitation of guano on North-east Island was taking place in 1901, when 120 tons had been removed. A few years layer, mangrove bark had become an important product; it was dried and exported for tannin. The atoll was inhabited as a fishing and turtling station until 1992 when it was abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cosmoledo Atoll is a raised coral atoll that is 17 km long east-west, and 12.5 km north-south. The islands land area is 5.2 km, and the lagoon and the reef flats have an area of 145 km. The closest island is Astove Island, 35 km farther south. The lagoon is up to 8.2 metres deep. Geologically, it is the twin of Astove Island, standing on the same volcanic basement measuring 85 km from north to south and 52 km from east to west and rising from a depth of over 4 km. The two islands are sometimes known together as the Cosmoledo Group. The two peaks join at a depth of around 1 km. Unlike the steep wall of Astove, the sea floor falls gradually to about 50 metres over a distance of up to a kilometer then more steeply reaching 500 metres in about 1.5 km. Two main passes lead from the ocean to the shallow lagoon, one northwest of South Island and one (Grande Passe) between Pagoda Island and Wizard Island. On the western coast, elevated reef rock forms undercut headlands mirroring the waves of the sea and separated by sandy beaches. There are sand dunes in the north and south, rising to about 10 meters.</p><br>
<h3>List of islands</h3><br>
<p>The Constitution of Seychelles names 20 islands although there are also a number of unnamed islets in the atoll.</p><br>
<p>The South-East passage is between Pagoda Island and Wizard Island.</p><br>
<p>Menai Island west coast is sandy. Johannes Point, the NW extremity of the island, is conspicuous. The village is located at this point.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Menai village has a large cemetery. the village was abandoned in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Cosmoledo is an Important Bird Area and holds Seychelles largest colonies of all three species of booby that breed in Seychelles. The atoll holds the last viable population of brown booby, breeding mainly on South Island, with a few on West-North Island. It also has the Indian Oceans largest population of red-footed booby censused by the Island Conservation Society as about 15,000 pairs. Exploitation has wiped out the lesser frigatebird and has almost done the same to the great frigatebird, which is down to just 15 pairs compared to hundreds of pairs in the 1970s. Despite this, hundreds of non-breeding frigatebirds of both species are to be seen, these being probably from Aldabra. The lesser frigatebird also once bred but now may be extinct. Cosmoledo also has Seychelles&#39; largest colony of sooty tern breeding on the northern end of Wizard Island. Second only to Aldabra are the numbers of breeding red-tailed tropicbird, black-naped tern and crested tern.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon is an important feeding ground for migratory waders, with crab plover and ruddy turnstone most common. There are three endemic races of land bird: the Madagascar white-eye (race menaiensis), the souimanga sunbird (race buchenorum) and a particular form of Madagascar turtle dove. The Madagascar cisticola is also common and there are a few pied crow present.</p><br>
<p>The flora is similar to that of Aldabra, with fewer species but including several plants endemic to the group. As on Aldabra there are areas of tall mangrove, especially on the lagoon side of Menai Island. Coconuts are common only on Menai, where many were planted.</p><br>
<p>Lizards include Bouton’s snake-eyed skink and Madagascar banded lizard, the latter found nowhere else in Seychelles. Green turtle nest in reasonably large numbers, despite decades of exploitation in the past and poaching in the present. The reefs are spectacular and offer some of the best diving in Seychelles.</p><br>
<p>The Island Conservation Society has carried out conservation and rehabilitation work on the atoll, including the eradication of introduced rats and cats on several islands.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>There are fly-fishing cruises to the atoll on a regular basis.</p><br>
<p>The IDC have proposed a plan for an eco-resort with about 20 rooms to be built at Menai in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The River Moy is a river in the northwest of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Moy is first named in Adomnán&#39;s Life of Columba (c. 700) as Modam fluvium. Later spellings include Muaide, Muadam, Múed, Múaid; the name An Mhuaidh is used in modern Irish.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Moy rises at the foot of the Ox Mountains in County Sligo. It flows for 110 km. For the greater part of its length, it flows southwestward, entering County Mayo and passing near Swinford before turning north near the village of Kilmore and heading for the town of Ballina, where it enters the Atlantic Ocean at Killala Bay. The Moy Estuary is 5 mi long beginning at Ballina and running into Killala Bay.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the River Moy is 2,086 km.</p><br>
<p>The long term average flow rate of the River Moy into Killala Bay is 61.5 cubic metres per second (m/s)</p><br>
<p>The Moy valley, with its ancient churches and abbeys, is a prominent tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The river was once among the best salmon fisheries in Europe; however, in recent times, drift net fishing off the coast caused a huge decline in salmon numbers. According to central fisheries board statistics, 101,231 returning salmon were taken by drift nets off the west coast of Ireland in 2005. In the same year, 29% (6,675) of all rod-caught salmon in Ireland were taken in the Ballina district as a result of a weir which keeps salmon trapped in the ridge pool near the mouth of the river during the summer. Drift netting for salmon was banned in November 2006 and the ban came into force on 1 January 2007.</p><br>
<p>Calton Hill is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, situated beyond the east end of Princes Street and included in the city&#39;s UNESCO World Heritage Site. Views of, and from, the hill are often used in photographs and paintings of the city.</p><br>
<p>Calton Hill is the headquarters of the Scottish Government, which is based at St Andrew&#39;s House, on the steep southern slope of the hill; with the Scottish Parliament Building, and other notable buildings, for example Holyrood Palace, the Nelson Monument,</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In 1456, James II granted land to Edinburgh by charter wherein Calton Hill is referred to as "Cragingalt", the name by which it appears on the 1560 Petworth map of the Siege of Leith (rendered as "Cragge Ingalt"). The name may have derived from Old Welsh or Old English meaning "the place of the groves".</p><br>
<p>The records of South Leith Parish Church name "Caldtoun" as one of the quarters of the parish in 1591, though the village and area are otherwise generally referred to as "Craigend", signifying the main land form (crags) at the western end of the feudal barony of Restalrig, as opposed to the distinguishing feature at its eastern end, a loch, hence the name Lochend. The name "Caldtoun" (sometimes anglicised as "Cold town") remained general until about 1700; the names Calton and Caltonhill first appearing when West Restalrig was sold to Edinburgh in 1725. The Armstrongs map of the Three Lothians (1773) still uses the name "Caldtoun" and Ainslies maps of Edinburgh record a change in spelling from Caltoun to Calton between 1780 and 1804</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By his charter of 1456, James II granted the community of Edinburgh the valley and the low ground between Calton Hill and Greenside for performing tournaments, sports and other warlike deeds. So severe were the regulations that escape, or even the opening of the gate of the hospital between sunset and sunrise, would incur the penalty of death carried out on the gallows erected at the gate. The monastery would appear to have been located at the north-east end of Greenside Row and its site is shown there on the 1931 Ordnance Survey maps. Ten skeletons found in July 2009 during roadworks to create a new tramway in Leith Walk (since abandoned) are believed to have been connected with the hospital.</p><br>
<p>The Calton area was owned by the Logan family of Restalrig but their lands were forfeited in 1609 following the posthumous sentence of treason on Robert Logan. The lands of Restalrig and Calton, otherwise known as Easter and Wester Restalrig, passed to the Elphinstone family. Sir James Elphinstone was made Lord Balmerino in 1604 and in 1673 the lands of Restalrig and Calton were erected into a single barony. In 1725, Calton was disjoined and sold to the royal burgh of Edinburgh. Calton remained a burgh of barony (although it was not administered as such) until it was formally incorporated into Edinburgh by the Municipality Extension Act of 1856.</p><br>
<p>In 1631, the then Lord Balmerino granted a charter to The Society of the Incorporated Trades of Calton forming a society or corporation. This also gave the Society the exclusive right to trade within Calton and the right to tax others who wished to do so. Normally the trades of burghs were separately incorporated, for example in the Canongate there were eight incorporations, but the Incorporated Trades of Calton allowed any tradesman to become a member providing they were healthy and their work was of an acceptable standard. This lack of restrictive practices allowed a thriving trade to develop.</p><br>
<p>The village of Calton was situated at the bottom of the ravine at the western end of Calton Hill (hence its earlier name of Craigend), on the road from Leith Wynd in Edinburgh and North Back of Canongate to Leith Walk and also to Broughton and thence the Western Road to Leith. In the village, the street was variously known as St. Ninian&#39;s Row or Low Calton. Many of the old buildings here were demolished at the time of the Waterloo Place and Regent Bridge development, which bridged the ravine, from 1816. The remaining old village houses of the Low Calton were removed in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Calton was in South Leith Parish and Calton people went to church in Leith. The churchyard there was inconveniently situated for burials from Calton and, in 1718, the Society bought a half acre of land at a cost of £1013 from Lord Balmerino for use as a burial ground. This became known as Old Calton Burial Ground. Permission was granted for an access road, originally known as High Calton and now the street called Calton Hill, up the steep hill from the village to the burial ground. The group of 1760s houses near the top of this street are all that remain of the old village.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and structures</h2><br>
<p>The Old Calton Burial Ground was the first substantial development on Calton Hill and lies on the south-western side of the hill. The philosopher David Hume is buried there. His tomb is engraved only with the year of his birth (1711) and death (1776), on the "simple Roman tomb" (a relatively large monument) which he prescribed. The Political Martyrs&#39; Monument is also in the burial ground. This is in memory of five campaigners for political reform and universal suffrage who were convicted of sedition and sent in 1793 to Botany Bay, Australia.</p><br>
<p>On the West side of Calton Hill is the street named Calton Hill. Agnes Maclehose, better known as Robert Burns Clarinda, lived at number 14 and died there in 1841. Burns, Scotlands national poet, sent Clarinda many verses over several years in unsuccessful (it is believed) attempts to seduce this beautiful married lady.</p><br>
<p>Calton Hill was the location of the notorious Calton Jail, a complex comprising a Debtors Prison, the Bridewell (1791–96) by Robert Adam (later replaced) and a Felons Prison of 1815-17 by Archibald Elliot. The prisons were replaced by Saughton Prison and demolished in 1930 providing a site for St. Andrews House, home to Scotlands senior civil servants. The sole surviving building is the castellated and turreted Governors House by Elliot. The lower curtain walls of the prison are still visible on the south side of St. Andrew&#39;s House, above Calton Road.</p><br>
<p>The eastern end of the ornate Regent Bridge is built into the side of the hill, crossing a deep gorge (at the bottom of which the opening scene from Trainspotting was shot) to connect the hill with Princes Street, now Edinburgh&#39;s main shopping street. The engineer in charge of building Regent Bridge in 1815 was Robert Stevenson, grandfather of the author Robert Louis Stevenson.</p><br>
<p>The renowned Scottish architect William Henry Playfair was responsible for the elegant thoroughfare that encircles the hill on three sides. Comprising Royal Terrace, Carlton Terrace and Regent Terrace, the largest of the townhouses can be found on Royal Terrace. Playfairs plan is dated 1819 and the first house was built at what is now 40 Royal Terrace. The gardens that cover over one half of the summit of the hill are privately administered by the local residents association. Carlton Terrace was originally called Carlton (or Carleton) Place but changed in the 1850s to fit in with the other Terraces.</p><br>
<p>Most of the properties on the terraces are occupied as houses but on Royal Terrace there is a number of hotels by far the largest being the Royal Terrace Hotel while on Regent Terrace is located the United States Consulate. Her young son, Henri, the Comte de Chambord, is said to have wept bitterly when his family left for Austria in 1832 as he had become very attached to Scotland. The painter Francis Cadell one of the Scottish Colourists lived in 30 Regent Terrace from 1930-1935. The Western end of Regent Terrace was closed in 2001 to traffic because of security concerns about the United States Consulate. The City of Edinburgh Council proposed closing the Royal Terrace/Blenheim Place entrance to the Calton Hill Terraces in 2010 because of the Edinburgh Trams Project.</p><br>
<p>Playfair was responsible for many of the monumental structures on the summit of the hill most notably the Scottish National Monument. This monument was intended to be another Parthenon and to commemorate Scottish Soldiers killed in the Napoleonic wars. Construction started in 1826 but work was stopped in 1829 when the building was only partially built due to lack of money. It has never been completed. For many years this failure to complete led to its being nicknamed "Scotland&#39;s Disgrace" but this name has waned given the time elapsed since the Napoleonic Wars and it is now accepted for what it is.</p><br>
<p>The Royal High School was built on the southern slopes in 1829, forming an iconic part of Edinburgh&#39;s skyline. In the 1840s a tunnel was added through the lower south side of the hill (under the High School) taking tracks eastward from the newly built Waverley Station. The west end of the tunnel was remodelled and a second tunnel built in 1902 by Robert Inglis.</p><br>
<p>"Rock House", which overlooks Waterloo Place at the south-western entrance to the hill, was the home of Robert Adamson who in partnership with David Octavius Hill pioneered the calotype process of photography in Scotland in the 1840s. Many of their subjects were photographed in the house and its garden.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of the southern access steps is a memorial to three 19th-century Scottish singers, John Wilson (1800–1849), John Templeton (1802–1886), and David Kennedy (1825–1886). The monument was sculpted by William Grant Stevenson.</p><br>
<h2>Political symbol</h2><br>
<p>For a number of years, while the Royal High School was earmarked for the site of the future Scottish Assembly, and subsequently as a potential site for the Scottish Parliament, Calton Hill was the location of a permanent vigil for Scottish devolution. However, Donald Dewar, then Secretary of State for Scotland, considered the site a "nationalist shibboleth", and the nearby St Andrew&#39;s House buildings (which at that time were the base of the Secretary of State for Scotland and the former Scottish Office) to look "Nazi" like "Dresden" (sic). It was also the venue in October 2004 for the Declaration of Calton Hill which outlined the demands for a future Scottish republic.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Calton Hill is the venue for a number of events throughout the year. The largest of these is the Beltane Fire Festival held on 30 April each year, attended by over 12,000 people. The Dussehra Hindu Festival also takes place on Calton Hill near the beginning of October each year.</p><br>
<h2>Illegal activities</h2><br>
<p>Calton Hill has been the focus of considerable police and local media interest. Controversy has revolved around the areas popularity as a venue for public sex and prostitution among males, as well as for drug use and underage drinking; city centre councillor David Beckett said that it "has traditionally been known as the place to go for homosexual sex in Edinburgh". A male-on-male gang rape occurred on the site in 2000, and a man was arrested for encouraging passersby to watch him penetrating a traffic cone two years later. In 2008, a Blacks Outdoor Retail spokesperson advised against camping in the area after a man made lewd and inappropriate advances towards a couples tent in the early hours of the morning. Calton Hill has also been the site of assaults on gay people, and on people suspected of being gay: in 1997, a Japanese tourist required plastic surgery after being robbed and subjected to a "vicious, brutal, and sustained attack" by two assailants.</p><br>
<p>Yankton College was a small liberal arts college in Yankton, South Dakota, affiliated with the Congregational Christian Churches .</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1881, it was the first institution of higher learning in the Dakota Territory. The man primarily responsible for the college&#39;s establishment was Joseph Ward, a local pastor and educator who is one of the two South Dakotans represented in Statuary Hall.</p><br>
<p>The campus was declared the Yankton College Historic District in 1982 due to the presence of a group of buildings designed by architect George Grant Elmslie. Between 1927 and 1932, Elmslie designed seven structures for the college, of which several were built:</p><br>
<p>Campus Library (1927/1928)</p><br>
<p>Forbes Hall of Science (1929)</p><br>
<p>Look Chapel, project (1929)</p><br>
<p>Power plant (1930)</p><br>
<p>Look Dormitory for Men (1931)</p><br>
<p>Conservatory of Music (1932)</p><br>
<p>Gymnasium, project (1932)</p><br>
<p>It is probably best known today as the college which NFL football player Lyle Alzado attended. The college&#39;s athletic teams were known as the Greyhounds. The football stadium (Crane Youngworth Field) is now used as the home field for the Yankton High School football teams.</p><br>
<p>Yankton College closed in December 1984, and its campus became the site of Federal Prison Camp, Yankton, which opened four years later.</p><br>
<p>http://www.yanktoncollege.org/AboutUs/History.aspx</p><br>
<p>The University of South Dakota - Springfield, a public university in the same state also originally established in 1881, also closed in 1984, and its campus became the site of a state prison.</p><br>
<p>http://doc.sd.gov/adult/facilities/mdsp/mdsp.aspx</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Lyle Alzado, former professional American football defensive end of the National Football League</p><br>
<p>Gabor Boritt, the Robert Fluhrer Professor of Civil War Studies and Director of the Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College</p><br>
<p>Joseph H. Bottum, 27th Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota and a member of the United States Senate</p><br>
<p>Amanda Clement (1888–1971), first paid female umpire</p><br>
<p>Riley Gardner, American psychologist</p><br>
<p>Les Goodman, former running back in the National Football League</p><br>
<p>Alvin Hansen, professor of economics at Harvard</p><br>
<p>Michael Jaffe, American TV and film producer</p><br>
<p>Nancy Lenehan, American actress</p><br>
<p>Ruben Mendoza, strength and conditioning coach and a former guard in the National Football League</p><br>
<p>Earl Rose, Dallas County medical examiner at the time of the assassination of John F. Kennedy</p><br>
<p>Dean Wink, former defensive end in the National Football League and member of the South Dakota House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Belle Isle is the largest of 18 islands on Windermere, a mere in the English Lake District, and the only one ever to have been inhabited. It is 1 km in length. Belle Isle House was built in 1774 to designs by John Plaw. It is unusual in that it is circular in plan, built of brick, three floors high with a four column portico; it draws closely on the Pantheon, Rome.</p><br>
<p>The Roman governor at Ambleside built a villa on the island. In 1250 it was the seat of the district&#39;s Lord of the Manor. It was also a Royalist stronghold during the English Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1774 an unusual circular Belle Isle House was erected on the island, which was sold along with the island to the wealthy Curwen family who renamed the island after their daughter, Isabella. The descendants of Isabella and her husband John Christian Curwen lived on the island until 1993.</p><br>
<p>It is called &#39;Bell Island&#39; not &#39;Isabella Island&#39; because of use of the shortened form of Isabella- Bella, which lost the &#39;a&#39; to become &#39;Bell&#39;, spelt &#39;Belle&#39; by the Ordnance Survey map of 1925 over the years. It was known locally as the Great Island or Long Holme and formerly known as Longholm, before its renaming in 1774.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 (some records suggest 23rd December 1994), Belle Isle House suffered serious damage following a large fire. However, it was repaired and is once again a place of residence.</p><br>
<p>Belle Island is currently owned by Harold and Janet Lefton.</p><br>
<p>The Embarcadero is the eastern waterfront and roadway of the Port of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, along San Francisco Bay. It was constructed on reclaimed land along a three mile long engineered seawall, from which piers extend into the bay. It derives its name from the Spanish verb embarcar, meaning "to embark&quot embarcadero itself means "the place to embark". The Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Embarcadero right-of-way begins at the intersection of Second and King Streets near AT&T Park, and travels north, passing under the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The Embarcadero continues north past the Ferry Building at Market Street, Pier 39, and Fisherman&#39;s Wharf, before ending at Pier 45. A section of The Embarcadero which ran between Folsom Street and Drumm Street was formerly known as East Street.</p><br>
<p>For three decades, until it was torn down in 1991, the Embarcadero Freeway dominated the area. The subsequent redevelopment and restoration efforts have, according to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, "contributed to a remarkable urban waterfront renaissance", with the Embarcadero Historic District serving as a "major economic engine for the Bay Area".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>San Franciscos shoreline historically ran south and inland from Clarks Point below Telegraph Hill to present-day Montgomery Street and eastward toward Rincon Point, enclosing a cove named Yerba Buena Cove. As the city grew, the cove was filled. Over fifty years a large offshore seawall was built and the mudflats filled, creating what today is San Francisco&#39;s Financial District.</p><br>
<p>The San Francisco Belt Railroad, a short line railroad for freight, ran along The Embarcadero. The roadway follows the seawall, a boundary first established in the 1860s and not completed until the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>During the early-20th century when the seaport was at its busiest and before the construction of the Bay Bridge, piers 1, 1½, 3 and 5 were dedicated chiefly to inland trade and transport. These connections facilitated the growth of communities in the Sacramento- and San Joaquin Valleys and fostered California&#39;s agricultural business. Today, these piers comprise the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District. The Delta Queen docked at Pier 1½, ferrying people between San Francisco and Sacramento. There was once a pedestrian footbridge that connected Market Street directly with the Ferry building and a subterranean roadway to move cars below the plaza.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, San Francisco&#39;s waterfront became a military logistics center; troops, equipment and supplies left the Port in support of the Pacific theater. Almost every pier and wharf was involved in military activities, with troop ships and naval vessels tied up all along the Embarcadero.</p><br>
<p>However, after the completion of the Bay Bridge and the rapid decline of ferries and the Ferry Building, the neighborhood fell into decline. The transition to container shipping, which moved most shipping to Oakland, led to further decline. Automobile transit efforts led to the Embarcadero Freeway being built in the 1960s. This improved automobile access to the Bay Bridge, but detracted aesthetically from the city. For 30 years, the highway divided the waterfront and the Ferry Building from downtown. It was torn down in 1991, after being severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.</p><br>
<p>After the freeway had been cleared, massive redevelopment began as a grand palm-lined boulevard was created, squares and plazas were created and/or restored, and Munis N Judah and T Third Street and F Market & Wharves lines were extended to run along it, with the N and T lines going south from Market Street to Fourth and King Streets (at AT&T Park and the Caltrain station) and the F line going north from Market to Fishermans Wharf. The Muni also relaunched the ‘E’ line which was historically a seasonal service connecting Fishermans Wharf to the Caltrain Depot, the line now operates weekends between Jefferson and Jones adjacent Fishermans Wharf and Fourth and King streets near the Caltrain terminus.</p><br>
<p>The sidewalk along the waterfront between China Basin and Fishermans Wharf was named "Herb Caen Way..." after the death of celebrated local columnist Herb Caen in 1997. The three dots, or ellipsis, deliberately are included in honor of columnist Herb Caens Pulitzer Prize winning writing style.</p><br>
<p>A large public sculpture, Cupids Span, by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, was installed in 2002 along the Rincon Park area. Resembling Cupids bow and arrow with the arrow implanted in the ground, the artists stated that the statue was inspired by San Francisco&#39;s reputation as the home port of Eros, hence the stereotypical bow and arrow of Cupid.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the Embarcadero was named on the list of "11 Most Endangered Historic Places" in the US by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, citing "the dual natural threats of sea-level rise and seismic vulnerability" to the seawall.</p><br>
<h2>Subway station</h2><br>
<p>Embarcadero Station, a BART and Muni Metro subway station, is located at the foot of Market Street, one block from The Embarcadero. While not in the original system plans, it has become the most destined BART station. As it is an infill station, the design is unique among the Market Street Subway.</p><br>
<h2>Embarcadero Center</h2><br>
<p>Embarcadero Center consists of four 30 to 45 story buildings and the Hyatt Regency San Francisco, located between the Ferry Building and the foot of Market Street. Until 2001, there was a viewing deck on top of the Embarcadero Center. During the winter holidays, the edges of all four buildings are illuminated, the effect resembling the outlines of four giant books on a shelf.</p><br>
<h2>Justin Herman Plaza</h2><br>
<p>At the eastern end of Market Street is Justin Herman Plaza, opened in 1972, named for M. Justin Herman, executive director of the SF Redevelopment Agency from 1959 to 1971. It is frequented by nearby office workers on lunch break and by families with small children. Summer features free daytime concerts while winter features an ice skating rink. The Critical Mass (cycling) bicycle rides have gathered in the plaza for over twenty years. The controversial Vaillancourt Fountain dominates one end of the plaza.</p><br>
<p>Supervisor Aaron Peskin introduced a resolution in 2017 which would rename the site Embarcadero Plaza, citing Hermans role in displacing poor and minority residents from the Western Addition, Fillmore, Chinatown, and South of Market neighborhoods while presiding over the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed the resolution unanimously on September 19, 2017. The name Embarcadero Plaza will be temporary until a new official name can be decided upon. The Boards resolution is nonbinding, as the authority to change the name rests with the San Francisco Recreation and Park Commission. Peskin stated he had received an unsolicited text from the owner, Boston Properties, which said they would cover the cost of replacing the plaque bearing Herman&#39;s name.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Right along the Embarcadero Center is the Embarcadero YMCA, the city&#39;s flagship branch of a group of a dozen locales. The center features the unique Youth Chance High School, an alternative high school that is a magnet for troubled students from throughout the Bay Area.</p><br>
<p>Mors or Morsø is a small island in the shallow sound called Limfjorden in Denmark. It has an area of 367.3 km and as of 1 January 2010, it had a population of 21,800. The main town on the island is called Nykøbing Mors. Geologically Mors is unique. Like the neighbouring island of Fur, it is known for its deposits of diatomite, locally known as moler .</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<h3>Jesperhus Flower Park</h3><br>
<p>The largest flower park in the Nordic countries, Jesperhus is situated in Legind Bjerge to the south west of Nykøbing. In the park there are over one million species of plants including cacti, palms, a variety of roses and many more colourful flowers. The park also has a butterfly reserve, aquarium, aviarium, terrarium and hatching center.</p><br>
<h3>The Moler Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Moler Museum boasts the largest collection of moler fossils in Denmark and tells the story of moler geology, the natural history of the island, and the relationship between the Danish people and moler including its manufacturing properties. The fossils include imprints of birds, fish, turtles, plants and insects.</p><br>
<h3>Hanklit</h3><br>
<p>Hanklit is situated on the northern coast of the island and is a beautiful cliff face and tourist attraction. The cliff is c. 60 metres high and has several moler deposits. Several people search the cliff face for plant and animal fossils and there are also paragliders who use the nearby hills of Salgerhøj for takeoff.</p><br>
<h3>Shellfish</h3><br>
<p>Mors is known for its shellfish industries; specifically mussel and oyster fisheries and aquaculture. The Danish Shellfish Center (Dansk Skaldyrcenter), part of the Technical University of Denmark is a research and dissemination center for marine science and aquaculture. The Danish Shellfish festival takes place in Nykøbing Mors every June, celebrating the shellfish industries and Limfjorden traditions.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is a bridge link to the island from Salling via the Sallingsund Bridge on the southeastern side of Mors, and another from Thy via the Vilsund Bridge on the northwestern side of the island. In addition to these two bridges, there are also ferry links to Thy from southwest Mors and from the north of the island. There is also a small airfield called "Morsø" with ICAO EKNM.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Jutland Peasant rebellion of 1441, Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, approached the rebel camp at Husby Hole near St Jørgen&#39;s Hill in northern Jutland and sent word that anyone who left the camp and went home would not be punished for rebellion. The men from the island of Mors as well as those from Thisted left, for which they were afterwards called cowards and traitors.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Peter Rochegune Munch (1870–1948) was a leading Danish historian and politician</p><br>
<p>Kirstine Smith (1878 – 1939) was a Danish statistician. She is credited with the creation of the field of optimal design of experiments</p><br>
<p>John Degnbol-Martinussen (1947 – 2002) was Professor of international development at Roskilde University, Denmark, and an authority on international development policy.</p><br>
<p>Morten Hedegaard Andersen (born 1972) is a former Danish cricketer</p><br>
<p>Inger Støjberg (born 1973) is a Danish Minister for Immigration, Integration and Housing since June 2015</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Dueholm Monastery</p><br>
<p>Højriis Castle</p><br>
<p>Jesperhus Resort</p><br>
<p>Moler Museum</p><br>
<p>Danish Støberimuseum</p><br>
<p>Danish Shellfish Center</p><br>
<p>Port Hood Island is a small island and community of the same name located in the northeastern part of St. George&#39;s Bay, a sub-basin in the eastern part of the Northumberland Strait, adjacent to the west coast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is named after the community of Port Hood immediately to the east on Cape Breton Island. Before this name, the island was known as Smith Island.</p><br>
<p>Originally, Port Hood Island was connected to Cape Breton Island by a sand spit. It housed a booming lobster cannery, however, during a winter storm in the late 19th century, the thin sand spit connecting Port Hood Island was washed away. In the late 1950s, a road was constructed from the (then) main fishing wharf of the mainland to the fishing wharf on the island but it did not stand up to the weather and washed away shortly after completion. Rocks that made up the road still remain and now form what residents call the "Breakwater".</p><br>
<p>The island was originally settled by Protestant Loyalists, giving contrast to the Catholic majority in the Port Hood area. In the 1950s Port Hood Island had approximately 28 families, mostly fishermen and small lot farmers, along with a one-room school which handled grades 1-8/9, after which students boarded in Port Hood and attended Port Hood Academy. The island church enjoyed the services of the Port Hood minister who also served Mabou.</p><br>
<p>The Island is the subject of a song, "Lonely Island" written by Jimmy Rankin and featured on The Rankin Family&#39;s debut album. (1989).</p><br>
<p>Currently the island is mainly lived on during the summer months, with about half the residents having prior connections to the area. One of the previous permanent residents died in the summer of 2003, and there are now only two people living on Port Hood Island all year long.</p><br>
<p>Mahone Bay is a bay located on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada along the eastern end of Lunenburg County. The bay has many islands, and is a popular sailing area. Since 2003 the Mahone Islands Conservation Association has been working to protect the natural environment of the bay. The bay and its islands contain a variety of habitats including forests, rocky shores, beaches, wetlands, and mudflats. Wildlife in the area include black guillemots, eagles, osprey, leach&#39;s storm petrels, puffins, razorbills, and great blue herons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was initially inhabited by the indigenous Mi&#39;kmaq. The first Europeans in the area were the French, the early maps of whom labelled the bay as La Baye de Toutes Iles (The Bay of Many Islands). The current name derives from the French mahonne, a type of barge.</p><br>
<p>In 1754 the British brought German speakers from Europe to colonize the area, starting in Lunenburg. German was the main language spoken in the area for many years, and today in the Bayview Cemetery, there are several gravestones dating from the late 1700s marked in German. Early settlers&#39; names commemorated there include Zwicker, Eisenhauer, Heyson, and Kedy.</p><br>
<p>The site was the scene of hostilities during the French and Indian War and the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>Economic activity in the mid 1800s, which included forestry, shipbuilding, shipping, and farming, led to the construction of churches and schools. In 1903 a rail link was established to Halifax. In 1919 the town was incorporated.</p><br>
<p>Today the principle economic driver is tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Opening south directly onto the Atlantic, its eastern shore is formed by the Aspotogan Peninsula and its western shore is formed by the First Peninsula (of Lunenburg). The Chester Peninsula juts several kilometres into Mahone Bay at roughly its midpoint.</p><br>
<p>The bay&#39;s geological history differs from its eastern neighbour, St. Margarets Bay, in that Mahone Bay shows a greater variety of soils and bedrock. Numerous glacial drumlins on the western shore near the towns of Mahone Bay and Lunenburg have produced soil conditions suitable for small-scale farming operations.</p><br>
<p>Mahone Bay also differs from St. Margarets Bay in that it is dotted with innumerable small and medium-sized islands throughout its waters. The shelter provided by these islands, along with the summer southwesterly flow, led to the scenery around Mahone Bay becoming a tourist attraction in itself. Today the towns of Chester and Mahone Bay have become a destination for cruising in pleasure yachts. A scenic provincial park at Graves Island just east of Chester is a popular camping destination.</p><br>
<p>Mahone Bay is home to numerous picturesque working fishing communities, one of the most famous being the communities of Big Tancook and Little Tancook, located on Big Tancook Island and Little Tancook Island respectively. Other important fishing ports include Blandford.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Frank Parker Day&#39;s novel Rockbound takes place on the fictional island of the same name, which was based on the nearby island of East Ironbound and includes references to many other Mahone Bay islands and towns. Day visited the area and created Rockbound as a fictionalized, exaggerated account of life on the islands.</p><br>
<p>Mahone Bay contains Oak Island, well known in connection with tales of buried treasure.</p><br>
<p>The 2006 independent movie was filmed primarily at locations in and around Mahone Bay.</p><br>
<p>St. Margarets Bay is a bay located on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada on the border of Halifax County  and Lunenburg County .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Opening south directly onto the Atlantic, the bay&#39;s eastern shore is formed by the Chebucto Peninsula and its western shore by the Aspotogan Peninsula, while the head of the bay (the northern shore) is the main part of the Nova Scotia peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The bays shoreline is mostly rocky, although the head of the bay offers several sandy beaches at Queensland, Black Point and Cleveland; another sandy beach exists on the western shore of the bay at Bayswater and there is a small sandy beach along the eastern shore on Micous Island. St. Margarets Bay is a cruising destination for sailing yachts as its picturesque shorelines offer protection in many natural harbours, as well as anchorages in coves and near small islands.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<h3>Eastern Shore</h3><br>
<p>Along the Chebucto Peninsula (from south to north):</p><br>
<p>Peggys Cove</p><br>
<p>Indian Harbour</p><br>
<p>Hackett&#39;s Cove</p><br>
<p>Glen Margaret</p><br>
<p>Seabright</p><br>
<p>French Village</p><br>
<p>Glen Haven</p><br>
<p>Tantallon</p><br>
<p>Whynacht&#39;s Point</p><br>
<p>Upper Tantallon</p><br>
<h3>Northern Shore</h3><br>
<p>Along the head of the bay (from east to west):</p><br>
<p>Allen Heights</p><br>
<p>Todd&#39;s Island</p><br>
<p>Head of St. Margarets Bay</p><br>
<p>Mason&#39;s Point</p><br>
<p>Boutilier&#39;s Point</p><br>
<p>Ingramport</p><br>
<p>Black Point</p><br>
<p>Queensland</p><br>
<p>Hubbards</p><br>
<h3>Western Shore</h3><br>
<p>Along the Aspotogan Peninsula (from north to south):</p><br>
<p>Fox Point</p><br>
<p>Mill Cove</p><br>
<p>Birchy Head</p><br>
<p>The Lodge</p><br>
<p>Northwest Cove</p><br>
<p>Southwest Cove</p><br>
<p>Aspotogan</p><br>
<p>Bayswater</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>St. Margarets Bay contains numerous islands, particularly along its eastern shore. These islands were historically used by the Mi&#39;kmaq Nation and some contain burial sites.</p><br>
<p>The bay&#39;s larger islands are listed below:</p><br>
<p>Southwest Island</p><br>
<p>Horse Island</p><br>
<p>Shut-in Island</p><br>
<p>Croucher Island</p><br>
<p>Owls Head Island (connected to the mainland by a small bridge)</p><br>
<p>Moser&#39;s Island</p><br>
<p>Micou&#39;s Island</p><br>
<h2>Swissair 111</h2><br>
<p>The Swissair Flight 111 Memorial is located at The Whalesback, a promontory approximately 1 km northwest of Peggys Cove. It is one of two memorials built to commemorate the victims of the Swissair Flight 111 disaster, which crashed into St. Margarets Bay on 2 September 1998. The crash site is roughly equidistant between the Whalesback Memorial and another memorial at Bayswater, Nova Scotia, located on the Aspotogan Peninsula on the western shore of the bay, opposite Peggys Cove.</p><br>
<p>The monument reads in English and French: "In memory of the 229 men, women and children aboard Swissair Flight 111 who perished off these shores September 2nd, 1998. They have been joined to the sea, and the sky. May they rest in peace."</p><br>
<p>The site of the crash and the two monuments form a triangle. The three notches on the monument at Whalesback represent the numerals 111. The sight line from the three grooves in the stone points to the crash site, while the markings on the facing stone point to the memorial at Bayswater. The memorial wall at Bayswater lists the names of the passengers and crew. The facing stone points to the crash site.</p><br>
<h2>War Plan Red</h2><br>
<p>In the period between World War I and World War II the US military drew up a series of Colour Coded War Plans based on likely global threats. War Plan Red denoted a planned attack against the British Empire and by extension War Plan Crimson which called for an invasion of Canada. The plan involved an attack on many fronts starting with a seabourne invasion of Halifax and Canada&#39;s Maritime provinces via St. Margarets Bay.</p><br>
<p>Wild Horse Island is the largest island on Flathead Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Montana. For centuries, the Salish-Kootenai used the island, approximately 2,164 acre in size, in order to pasture horses and keep them from being stolen by other tribes. The island was part of the Flathead Indian Reservation from the time of its creation in 1872 up until its dismantlement in 1904, when the island was divided into individual plots of land. A number of attempts were made on the island towards agricultural development, but none succeeded.</p><br>
<p>Between 1910-1915, homesteaders on the island cut down much of the old growth trees and introduced non-native grasses and other plant species. These species have competed with and overtaken much of the short-grass prairie that herbivorous wildlife need to survive. This short grass prairie is one of the last few remaining in Montana, and because of this efforts must be made to control various animal species on the island in order to preserve the grasses from over-pasturing and extinction. Bighorn Sheep, for example, are managed at around 100 sheep. In 2014, the population was between 160-200 sheep, and Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks worked to relocate 59 sheep to other herds in Northwest Montana.</p><br>
<p>Protected as a state park since 1978, the island near Big Arm Bay is home to abundant wildlife including bighorn sheep, mule deer, waterfowl, bald eagles., the wild horse population was five mares and one gelding. which is 853 ft above the island&#39;s shores.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and topography</h2><br>
<p>A study conducted over a 25-year span has shown the average yearly precipitation on Wild Horse Island to be 15.7 inches. However, while this is the average, over 50% of the years in the study were found to have a below average precipitation rate. The average temperature ranges from 24F-66F, with spikes sinking below 5F during colder months and above 90F during the hotter months in dryer years. Overall, the island experiences below freezing temperatures about two thirds of the year.</p><br>
<p>Wild Horse Island was formed by the Cordilleran Glacier, giving the island a varying topography. The glacier caused the hills in the center of the island, ranging from 3,277-3,745 ft. above sea level, to be formed into roche mountenee, with rugged northern faces and rugged southern cliffs. Meadows sprawl the western and southern shores, while grasslands cover the southeast. The northern side of the island boasts forests of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas Fir trees.</p><br>
<p>The Bay of Arguin  is a bay on the Atlantic shore of Mauritania.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is located south of Cap Blanc, north of Cap Timiris.</p><br>
<p>The bay contains three islands, including Arguin and Tidra, as well as numerous sandbanks. It is also the site of the 12,000 km² Banc d&#39;Arguin National Park in which most of the bay includes, the northern boundary is at Minou, it does not include the Dakhlet Nouadhibou are or the westernmost areas. Smaller bays includes Dakhlet Nouadhibou in the north and Baie de Tanoudert in the east, other promontories includes Minou, Cap Sainte-Anne, Argun, Alzaz, Tagarit and Tafarit. One stream flowing only when the climate is partly wet, the Oued Chibka is in the northcentral part.</p><br>
<p>Places by the bay includes Nouadhibou in the north, Arkeiss and Tel-Alloul to the east and Teichott, R&#39;Gueiba and Awguei to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bay would be first known in 1035 as Abdallah ibn Yasin founded a ribat (military refuge) in the island of Tidra and was the origin of the Almoravid Dynasty.</p><br>
<p>The first European to visit the bay was Nuno Tristão in 1443 and the remainder of the bay would be explored.</p><br>
<p>The area is also known as the place where the French frigate Méduse (1810) was wrecked in 1816.</p><br>
<p>Maligne Lake is a lake in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. It is famed for the colour of its water, the surrounding peaks, the three glaciers visible from the lake and Spirit Island, a frequently photographed islet. The lake is located 44 km south of Jasper town, and is accessible by motor vehicle, including shuttle buses from Jasper. Boat tours run to Spirit Island in the spring to autumn season. The 44 km Skyline Trail, Jasper&#39;s most popular, highest and above treeline, multi-day hike, begins at Maligne Lake and finishes near the town of Jasper. Other popular day hikes include the Opal Hills and Bald Hills loops. Winter activities include cross-country skiing.</p><br>
<p>Maligne Lake is approximately 22.5 km long and is 97 m at its deepest point, in the south end of the lake. It averages 35 m in depth. It sits at approximately 1,670 m asl. Easily visible from the Maligne Lake Day Lodge are Leah and Samson Peaks and Mount Paul to the east, and Mounts Charlton, Unwin, Mary Vaux and Llysfran Peak to the south and west. The Charlton-Unwin, Maligne, and Coronet glaciers are visible from the lake, which boasts a self-sustaining population of introduced rainbow trout and brook trout. It is a popular spot for sport fishing, kayaking and canoeing. Parks Canada maintains three camping sites, accessible only by canoe, at Hidden Cove, Fisherman&#39;s Bay and Coronet Creek.</p><br>
<p>Maligne Lake is fed and drained by the Maligne River, which enters the lake on its south side, near Mount Unwin and drains the lake to the north. Maligne Lake, as well as Maligne River, Maligne Mountain, and Maligne Pass, takes its name from the French word for malignant or wicked. The name was used by Father Pierre-Jean De Smet (1801–1873) to describe the turbulent river that flows from the lake (in the spring), and soon spread to the lake, canyon, pass, mountain and range. It is also possible that early French traders applied the name to the river for its treacherous confluence with the Athabasca River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was well known to First Nations of the area, including Samson Beaver, who knew it as Chaba Imne (Beaver Lake). He drew the first map of the lake and the route to it for Mary Schäffer in 1907. Schäffer rwas an explorer and artist of the Rocky Mountains area who, being the first non-native to visit Chabna Imne, was accredited with the discovery; which she attached the name Maligne Lake. The first European to actually see the lake was Henry McLeod, scouting routes for the CPR in 1875. When he sighted it, he was high in the mountain range and did not actually go into the lake area or identify the route to the lake. June 8, 1908, with the help of Samson Beavers map, Schäffer, her travelling companion Mary (Mollie) Adams and the guides Billy Warren and Sid Unwin, set out from Lake Louise to reach the lake. When they arrived at the lake, they explored it with the means of a raft, nicknamed HMS Chaba. At the request of the Canadian government, Schäffer returned in 1911 to survey the lake in more detail. She also named several of the mountains and peaks. Mary Schaeffers books of the area attracted tourists from all over the United States.</p><br>
<p>Maligne Lake is the location of two Alberta registered historic buildings, the Maligne Lake Chalet and accompanying guest house, washhouse, and cache, all built in 1927 by Colonel Fred Brewster as a part of his "Rocky Mountain Camps". For a time, the Maligne Lake Chalet was the largest, most luxurious accommodation in Jasper National Park. The other historic building is the boathouse, built by Donald "Curly" Phillips in 1928 to accommodate his wilderness guiding and fishing business. In the same year, he finished construction of the first Maligne Lake tour boat, Leah (named for Leah Samson, wife of Samson Beaver). Philips resided in his boathouse until his death in an avalanche (1936, aged 52). The historic buildings are maintained by Maligne Lake Tours, a company that dates back to Brewsters and Philips early entrepreneurial endeavours.</p><br>
<p>Curly Philips is credited with stocking Maligne Lake with brook trout, packed overland in barrels. Then in the 1970 Parks Canada decided to introduce rainbow trout to make sport fishing in the lake more difficult. The largest rainbow trout in Alberta was subsequently caught in this lake (20 lb) by means of sportfishing. The record fish was mounted and is currently owned by Currie&#39;s Guiding and Tackle, Jasper. Jasper National Park staff later introduced brook trout. The third largest brook trout in the world was also sportfished from this lake and is owned by David Robson of Hinton, Alberta.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Wildlife is surprisingly abundant along this high altitude oligotrophic lake. Grizzly bear, black bear, mule deer, caribou, wolves, moose, and mountain sheep are some of the larger mammals that frequent the lake area during the summer season. Bald eagles, golden eagles and osprey also frequent the area and live off the fish populations.</p><br>
<h2>Geology within the lake</h2><br>
<p>Maligne Lake is the largest lake in Jasper National Park. The valley in which the lake lies was carved and excavated by valley glaciers, and the lake has been dammed at its northern end by an end moraine deposited by the last glacier, which flowed down the valley towards the Athabasca River. The glacial deposits and landforms forming the end moraine are excellent examples of glacial deposition.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the area is Mount Brazeau (11,386 ft), which stands southeast of Maligne Lake at the head of the Brazeau Icefield. It is barely visible behind the towering massif of Monkhead (10,535 ft). In general, the highest mountains are at the south end of the lake and are composed of strata that were deposited between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Northward from the high peaks at the south end of the lake, the valley sides are different in form and composition. The east side of the valley is made of steeply dipping limestone beds of Devonian to Mississippian age that form the spectacular range of sawtooth mountains called the Colin Range, which is part of the Queen Elizabeth Ranges. On the west side of the valley, and in sharp contrast to the east side, is the Maligne Range composed of Cambrian and Precambrian quartzite and shales. These mountains owe their more subdued outline to the glaciers, which moved over them and rounded them to their present form.</p><br>
<p>The Maligne River, arising at Maligne Pass (6,800 ft), flows into the northern part of Maligne Lake. At the northern end of the lake, the river flows out of the lake in a narrow channel to Medicine Lake. There is no visible northern outlet from Medicine Lake because the Maligne River flows underground (except during flood) for 9 mi before reappearing in its remarkable canyon, which is about 180 ft in depth. The water flowing in the riverbed between Medicine Lake and Maligne Canyon is derived from the adjacent mountainsides.</p><br>
<p>Not only is the Maligne Valley a U-shaped valley, but it is also a hanging tributary valley as a result of deepening or widening of the Athabasca Valley by glacial erosion at a faster rate than the tributary Maligne Valley. This process leaves the tributary at its junction with the main valley hanging above the main valley.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Island is one of the Canadian arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada. Located in the Arctic Ocean, close to Bathurst Island, it has an area of 1,059 km&sup2, 42 to 43 km long and 47 to 38 km wide. Île Vanier lies immediately to the south, across the Arnott Strait.</p><br>
<h2>Commercial oil production</h2><br>
<p>Cameron Island is notable as being the only site which has been developed for commercial oil production in the Canadian Arctic islands. From 1985 to 1996 the double-hulled tanker M.V.Arctic shipped the light crude from Bent Horn in the south-west of the island to Montreal. A total of 2.8 million barrels was produced until the field was abandoned in 1996. The initial discovery, in 1974 by Panarctic Oils Ltd, reflected the urgency to find new sources of crude oil after the 1973 oil crisis. The abandonment in 1996 reflects the difficulties of exploiting the resource in this harsh environment, although the current production licence (held by Canada Southern Petroleum Ltd) expires in 2010 and could be extended. After abandonment, final clean-up occurred in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Island is a desolate spot: a dark-hued landscape of low hills. Oil exploration and traffic on land were concentrated in the winter months, when "winter roads" of compacted snow across the tundra were used by heavy vehicles. Appropriate efforts were taken to minimise the damage to this fragile environment, but where the vegetation was damaged, increased depths of summer thaw occurred. Possibly the greatest concern was caused by the sumps at the well-sites, into which the toxic drilling muds were pumped. These basins, blasted out of the permafrost, relied on the gradual freeze-back of the ground to seal in the waste materials.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Island was named in 1952 after Maxwell George Cameron (d.1951), the chief cartographer of the surveys and mapping branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys.</p><br>
<p>Russell Island is an uninhabited island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in the Parry Channel, separated from the northern tip of Prince of Wales Island by the narrow Baring Channel. The western third of the island is separated from the other two thirds by a narrow lake and its outlet. At the northern end of the lake there is an isthmus just 1.1 km wide and this joins the two parts of the island. With a total area of 940 km&sup2, it is the largest island offshore of Prince of Wales Island.</p><br>
<p>William Edward Parry was the first European to sight the island in 1819.</p><br>
<p>Another, much smaller Russell Island lies off the northwest tip of Devon Island. A third one lies in the West Foxe Islands, in Hudson Strait, southwest of Alareak Island.</p><br>
<p>Woolton Hall is a former country house located in Woolton, a suburb of Liverpool, England. Built in 1704 and extensively renovated in 1772 by the influential architect Robert Adam the building is praised as the finest example of Robert Adam&#39;s work in Northern England. Throughout its 300-year history the building has been the residence of a number of notable figures, including the Earl of Sefton and Liverpool shipowner Frederick Richards Leyland.</p><br>
<p>During the later part of the 20th century the building went through a number of uses eventually becoming a school in the 1950s and later being abandoned with plans for its demolition. A campaign against its destruction was successful and the hall is now a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early records indicate that the land of Woolton Hall had been occupied since 1180 when the area of Much Woolton (now called Woolton) came under the lordship of the holy Catholic order of the Knights Hospitaller who held the land for almost 360 years until the English Reformation. In the 16th century, Henry VIII&#39;s Dissolution of the Monasteries suppressed the Knights Hospitaller leading the land being confiscated and then further restored by Mary I. The land was permanently confiscated from the order in 1559 under Elizabeth I and was kept by the crown until 1609. Eventually the land came under ownership of the Brettarghs of Holt who was reputed to have acquired it from an ancient family named de Woolton.</p><br>
<p>On the death of William Brettargh in 1609 the land was described as a cottage. Sometime between 1700 and 1704 the house and surrounding estate was sold to politician Richard Molyneux, 1st Viscount Molyneux, who built the northern block of the hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1722 Woolton Hall was acquired by Nicholas Ashton ESQ, High Sheriff of Lancashire, whose father was one of the original undertakers and the principal financier of the Sankey Canal, the first canal of the British industrial revolution. Shortly afterwards Ashton commissioned the noted architect Robert Adam to remodel and expand the building extensively.</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Ashton died in 1833 leaving the house to his son Joseph Ashton who in turn left it to his son Charles Ellis Ashton. Charles Ellis later sold the house in 1865 to James Reddecliffe Jeffery who was the owner of Liverpools largest department store Compton House, located on Church Street. A fire at the store on 1 December 1865 destroyed much of Jefferys uninsured stock eventually leading to the business failing. Jeffery put the house up for action in 1869 but failed to find a buyer until 1877 when Liverpool shipowner Frederick Richards Leyland purchased the house for £19,000 moving with his family from nearby Speke Hall Leyland who was somewhat of an art enthusiast decorated the house with paintings of varying styles including Edward Burne-Joness Night and Day and Ford Madox Browns The Entombment. Leyland later sold the building to the McGuffies a family of shipowners who demolished the west wing and converted it into a Hydropathic Hotel. After living there for some 30 years the hotel closed in 1912</p><br>
<p>After a short spell as the headquarters of the Middlesex Regiment and as an army hospital in the 1950s the building was converted into a fee-paying girls school under the management of the Convent of Notre Dame. In 1970 the small school merged with Notre Dame High School located on Mount Pleasant to form Notre Dame Woolton (now St Julies Catholic High School). As the school expanded new modern buildings were built nearby leading to Woolton Hall to be abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Soon the building fell into disrepair, eventually being marked for demolition in the 1980s. The building was saved after local resident John Hibbert purchased the Hall and spent £100,000 in refurbishments, soon after Woolton Hall become a Grade I listed building on 28 June 1982. In 2005, there were plans to convert the estate and house into retirement care flats.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership</h3><br>
<p>Molyneux Family 1704–1766</p><br>
<p>Ashton Family 1772–1865</p><br>
<p>Judge James Reddecliffe Jeffery 1865–1877</p><br>
<p>Sir Frederick Leyland 1877–1898</p><br>
<p>Captain Peter McGuffie 1902–1948</p><br>
<p>Sisters of Notre Dame 1948–1970</p><br>
<p>Mr J.B Hibbert & Family 1980</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>From its outside the slate roofed 2 storey structure is built entirely of stone consisting of 7 bay windows, 2 of which break forward under a pediments. The windows, although now boarded up have architraves and are sashed with glazing bars. The facade of the building was re-fronted in 1865 by Robert Adams to include a Porte-cochère which covers the entrance. This consists of 4 paired Doric columns between rusticated antae, entablature and balustrade.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Passing through the front entrance is a large lobby flanked by two main halls. The lobby has marble flooring and an imposing oak fireplace which is one of the buildings original features, having been designed by Robert Adams. Adjacent to the fireplace are three doors with the leftmost allowing access to a kitchen area and a stairwell. The door directly to the fireplaces left leads to an octagonal shaped turquoise room with and a decorated ceiling that contains a circular painting of Frederic Leightons The Garden of the Hesperides. The door on the right leads to the building&#39;s main staircase.</p><br>
<p>Regarding the two main halls, the left side hall is a function room with two full-length windows, a stone set bar and fireplace and a back kitchen area. The hall&#39;s ceiling is decorated with painted with gold foliage centred around a bust of a man dressed in 18th-century clothing. On the right side of the building is a dance hall and adjoining tapestry room with high ceilings and oak panelled walls.</p><br>
<p>The dance hall with two large front facing windows is decorated with paintings of previous residents and a large painting of Queen Ann which sits above a brick fireplace. Next to this is a wooden bar area that leads into the tapestry room while at the rooms centre is a Parquet dance floor which has been damaged to reveal stone flooring underneath. The tapestry room is an elongated semi-circular area decorated with mostly Flemish paintings and two glass candle-style chandeliers. Set back to back with the dance halls fireplace is another fireplace creating a mirror image, this time with a portrait of King George III hanging above.</p><br>
<p>The principal staircase which ascends to the second floor is another of Robert Adams original features consisting of wrought iron baluster and a moulded mahogany handrail. The upper floors boast large opens rooms with original Robert Adams ceilings as well many smaller rooms which have acted as bedrooms and classrooms throughout the buildings history.</p><br>
<p>The hall contains a number of replica paintings including those of former residents, most of the originals have since been relocated to the Walker Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>Akpatok Island is one of the uninhabited Canadian Arctic islands in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is the largest island in Ungava Bay on the northern coast of Quebec. The island is named for the Akpat, the thick-billed murre , which live on ledges along the limestone cliffs surrounding the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>With an area of 903 km&sup2, Akpatok Island is predominantly limestone, ringed with steep cliffs that rise 150 to 250 m above sea level. The cliffs are broken in many places by deep ravines allowing access to the flat plateau 23 km wide and 45 km long.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Akpatok Island has International Biological Program status. It is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU007), as well as a Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site (NU Site 50). In addition to the thick-billed murre, notable bird species include black guillemot and peregrine falcon.</p><br>
<p>Polar bear, seal, and walrus frequent the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the southern end of the island there are remains of a Dorset settlement. The island is known for its widespread cannibalism which ended around 1900 as the inhabitants moved to the mainland. Skulls and human remains have been reported on the island, but the accuracy of these reports can be called into question as there is an abundance of mystery and legend surrounding the details of the island. In July 1971 an exploratory oil well was drilled on the island, yet all that remains are a few dilapidated shelters and rusted equipment.</p><br>
<p>Loks Land Island is part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in Nunavut, Canada. It is located off the eastern tip of Baffin Island&#39;s Blunt Peninsula, close to the mouth of Frobisher Bay. It has an area of 419 km&sup2; and a coastline of 206 km. The local Inuktitut name for the island is Takuligjuaq.</p><br>
<p>Loks Land was the site of one of the stations in the Distant Early Warning Line radar defence network, and had the code number BAF-4A.</p><br>
<p>The island was visited by Martin Frobisher and is named for Michael Lok, a London financier who was one of the patrons of Frobishers Arctic expeditions of the 1570s. Frobishers first expedition found ore which was purported to contain gold, leading to a second and third expedition which failed to find any of the precious metal. These later speculative ventures almost bankrupted Lok.</p><br>
<p>Resolution Island is one of the many uninhabited Canadian Arctic islands in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut. It is a Baffin Island offshore island located in Davis Strait. It has an area of 1,015 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Savage Islands lie between Resolution Island and Baffin Island, while Graves Strait separates Resolution Island from the more northern Edgell Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>English explorer Martin Frobisher landed on the island on July 28, 1576, while on a voyage to discover the fabled Northwest Passage. However it appears to have been named Resolution in 1612 by Sir Thomas Button, after his own ship, the Resolution.</p><br>
<p>The island was home to an American military base, now CFS Resolution Island, that became operational in 1954 as part of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line. The base was vacated in 1973 and turned over to the Canadian government in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian cargo ship named "MINNA" was wrecked on the east side of the island, on 18 August 1974. The vessel was then under charter by the Bedford Institute of Oceanography and was doing scientific surveys at the time of the accident. Badly damaged, the crew and scientific equipments were removed. Bad weather swept the vessel in deeper waters where she sank on October 2, 1974. This vessel with a length of 275 feets and displacement of 4280 tons was based in Halifax and was on regular charter with the BIO for hydrographic surveys on the Labrador Coast and Hudson Strait. The MINNA was built in 1962 and had a crew of 21 men + 18 scientists.</p><br>
<p>It was during site investigations between 1987 and 1990 that contamination at the site was first discovered. The contamination originates largely from spills from the radar equipment, which used polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as insulators. Other pollutants include unused transformer fluids, hydrocarbons, asbestos and heavy metals in the buildings and sprinkled throughout the site. Resolution Island has been identified as having the highest level of PCB contamination of all former military sites that fall under Indian and Northern Affairs Canada’s (INAC) responsibility in the North.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 and 1994, an environmental site assessment of the area was completed. As a result, temporary barriers were placed across drainage paths to stop the migration of PCBs into the water. Further investigations were done and, in 1997, INAC initiated remediation work with Qikiqtaaluk Corporation (QC). A large-scale remediation plan was developed, in cooperation with Environment Canada, QC and Queen’s University. Steps were taken at that time to ensure that the contaminants were not posing a risk to humans and wildlife.</p><br>
<p>Cowichan Bay is a bay and community located on the east coast of southern Vancouver Island near Duncan, in British Columbia. The mouth of the Cowichan River is near Cowichan Bay. Mount Tzouhalem and its hiking trails and ecological reserve stands to the north. The bay is known for its fishing and scenic value. The area&#39;s main industries are fishing and tourism.</p><br>
<h2>First Nation history</h2><br>
<p>For many thousands of years Cowichan Bay was home to First Nations people who harvested the wealth of salmon and shellfish found in its many coves, tidal flats and swiftly flowing rivers. A rare steatite anthropomorphic bowl was discovered on Cowichan Bay in the late nineteenth century. One of only about 50 so far found and estimated to originate from the Marpole Culture (400 BC-400 AD), it is now in the British Museum&#39;s collection.</p><br>
<h2>European settlement</h2><br>
<p>Cowichan Bay was the gateway for European settlement of the Cowichan and Chemainus valleys from the early 1860s. A steamer service from Victoria was the major link for goods and people before the coming of the railway. Bypassed by the Esquimalt and Nanaimo line and later by the Island Highway, Cowichan Bay nevertheless was a thriving little community, based on sport and commercial salmon fishing, and log and lumber exports.</p><br>
<p>From the early 1900s Cowichan Bay attracted sportsmen from all over the British Empire for superb salmon fishing in the Bay and the Cowichan and Koksilah rivers. It was, for a time, the Salmon Capital of the World offering not just fishing, but fine sailing waters, an annual regatta and, next to Wimbledon, the oldest grass tennis courts in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The village of Cowichan Bay is a tourist attraction in the summer because of its cozy fishing-village feel. The community began a transformation in 2004 when Jonathan Knight opened True Grain Bread, a European inspired bakery at the centre of the seaside village. His organic breads and pretzels and a focus on local and sustainable business practices quickly made a name for the bakery and the community. His success spawned other businesses to open in the bay; Radway Studios, an organic clothing store; Hilary&#39;s Cheese, a local-made cheese shop; The Udder Guys, an old-style homemade ice-cream parlour; The Masthead, an upscale restaurant that serves delicious local foods; Mudworks, a pottery shop run by a local artisan; as well as many other eateries and knick-knack shops. Cowichan Bay offers visitors a chance to see their impressive wildlife through kayak tours and rentals and whalewatching tours. Depending on the time of year it is not uncommon to see bald eagles, seals, herons or other wildlife in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>A noted deepwater port where tankers and container ships can still be seen at anchor regularly, Cowichan Bay has been plagued by derelicts abandoned at anchor and left to rot. Most notably the fuel-filled Dominion which dragged anchor during a winter storm before being towed away for scrap after a 5-year period, and the replica Beaver which replaced her towed in by the same tug that removed the derelict Dominion. Cowichan Bay&#39;s former economic base is declining but being replaced with more recreational water activities, a revived interest in boatbuilding, an appreciation for the history and ecology of the Bay, and tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Local politics</h2><br>
<p>Cowichan Bay services are provided by the Cowichan Valley Regional District, with fire protection provided by the Cowichan Bay Improvement District which operates Cowichan Bay Fire Rescue. In 2009, Cowichan Bay became Canada and North America&#39;s first Cittaslow community.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>James Dunsmuir - Former Premier and Lieutenant-Governor of BC</p><br>
<p>Robert William Service - Poet and writer of the Yukon Gold Rush, he worked in several farms of Cowichan Bay from June 1896 to November 1897 and then from October 1998 until October 1, 1903 in the Corfield Farm. A memorial bench has been erected in the Robert Service Wayside Park and a plaque has been embedded up the seat where it can be read few lines of a poem of Robert Service entitled "Heart o&#39; the North" excerpt from ”Rhymes of a Rolling Stone”.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Vickers - Artist, story teller.</p><br>
<p>The Dhauladhar range  is part of a lesser Himalayan chain of mountains. It rises from the Indian plains to the north of Kangra and Mandi. Dharamsala, the headquarters of Kangra district, lies on its southern spur in above the Kangra Valley, which divides it from Chamba.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is the Hanuman ji Ka Tiba, or White Mountain, about 5,639 m or 18,500 ft high. There are several peaks which are close to 5,180 m (17,000 ft).</p><br>
<p>Himachal Pradesh has all the major Himalayan ranges represented in it. The Greater Himalayas that begin from near Ladakh and run all the way to Mount Everest and Kangchenjunga in Sikkim, pass through Himachal Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>The Pir Panjal Range starting from near Patni Top in Jammu and Kashmir all the way to Garhwal passes through Himachal Pradesh. Finally, there is the Dhauladhar range, also known as the Outer Himalayas or Lesser Himalayas. They begin from near Dalhousie at the northwest end of Himachal Pradesh and pass through the state to the vicinity of the bank of the Beas River in the Kulu district of Himachal Pradesh. While they end near Badrinath in Garhwal, they lie almost entirely in Himachal Pradesh. They are distinctive in their typical dark granite rocky formations with a remarkably steep rise culminating in sharp streaks of snow and ice at the top of their crested peaks. This distinctive profile is best seen from the Kangra Valley from where they seem to shoot up almost vertically.</p><br>
<p>The elevation of the Dhauladhars ranges widely from 3,500 m to nearly 6,000 m. From the banks of the Beas river in Kulu, the range curves towards the town of Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. Then, running north, it passes through Barabhangal, joins the Pir Panjal range and moves into Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>The Dhauladhars have a peculiar topography. Although mostly composed of granite, the flanks of the range exhibit frequent formations of slate (often used for the roofs of houses in the region), limestone and sandstone. Ascending from any side is a difficult, given the near vertical incline. This calls for highly technical trekking and mountaineering. There is very little habitation on the range given the harsh conditions. But meadows abound near the crest providing rich pastures for grazing where large numbers of Gaddi shepherds take their flocks. The top of the crest is buried under vast expanses of thick snow. Triund - Ilaqua Ghot (इलाका घोट), approached from the hill station of McLeod Ganj, is the nearest and most accessible snow line in the Indian Himalayas. The range has rich flora and fauna.</p><br>
<p>Peaks, virgin and scaled, have drawn mountaineers from all over the world. Some of the well-known ones are Mun (4610 m) near Dharamshala, Manimahesh Kailash (मणिमहेश कैलाश) (5653 m) in the sacred Manimahesh region, Gaurjunda (4946 m), near the Talang pass, which is commonly referred to as the Dhauladhar Matterhorn, Christmas (4581 m), Toral (4686 m), Dromedary (4553 m), Riflehorn (4400 m), Lantern (5100 m), Arthur&#39;s Seat (4525 m), Camel (4520 m), Slab (4570 m), and several other named and unnamed peaks.</p><br>
<p>Due to the position of the range it receives two monsoons a year with heavy rains; where the mountains have not been heavily logged, there are dense pine and Deodar forests.</p><br>
<p>There are glacial lakes in the Dhauladhars. Prominent among them is the Lam Dal which is the biggest with a circumference of about 2.5 km. It is a very sacred lake and considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva. Each year pilgrims take a holy dip in August and September just when the Manimahesh yatra begins. There are other very sacred lakes like the Nag Dal/Nag Chattri Dal. This lake owes its history to the Bhagsunag Temple and is considered sacred. It is dedicated to the Nag Devta or the Lord King Cobra. The other beautiful lakes are the Chanderkup Dal above the Lam Dal, Kareri Dal below the Minkaini Pass, Dansar Lake across the Sari Pass and the very sacred Kali Kund just 150 m below the Lam Dal at an elevation of 3900 m and approachable from Minkiani Pass (4250 metres).</p><br>
<p>One of the major passes across this range is the Indrahar Pass. At an altitude of 4,342 metres (14,245 ft) above mean sea level, near the tourist town of Dharamshala in Himachal Pradesh, Indrahar Pass forms the border between Kangra and Chamba districts. It is part of a popular trekking route from Dharamshala. It attracts substantial tourist traffic during the trekking season between April and October.</p><br>
<p>Rockingham Forest is a former royal hunting forest in the county of Northamptonshire, England. It is an area of some 200 square miles lying between the River Welland and River Nene and the towns of Stamford and Kettering. It has a rich and varied landscape, with farmland, open pasture, pockets of woodland and villages built from local stone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The forest was named after the village of Rockingham, where the castle was a royal retreat. The boundaries were marked by the River Nene on the eastern side and on the western side what is now the A508 road from Market Harborough to Northampton. Over the years the forest shrank, and today only a patchwork of the north-eastern forest remains. The bulk of the remaining forest is located within a square, of which the corners are Corby, Kettering, Thrapston and Oundle.</p><br>
<p>The area became a royal hunting ground for King William I after the Norman conquest. The term forest represented an area of legal jurisdiction and remained so until the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>A Cistercian abbey was established in 1143 which became known as Pipewell Abbey. In 1298 the de Lacys were granted permission to inclose 30 acre pertaining to the manor of Wadenhoe, lying within the forest, in order to make a park. The forest boundaries were set in 1299, although the boundaries returned to a smaller area as a result of King Charles I&#39;s actions. King Charles II took little interest in the forest and gave away or sold much of it. By 1792 there was no significant royal ownership of the forest area. Parliamentary enclosure of the bailiwicks and disafforestation of Rockingham bailiwick in 1832 resulted in a much smaller forest area with much of the land turned over to agriculture. The Forestry Commission took over the remnants of public woodland in 1923. The forest originally stretched from Stamford down to Northampton.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>Areas managed by the Forestry Commission include:</p><br>
<p>*Southey Wood, Peterborough</p><br>
<p>*Wakerley Great Wood</p><br>
<p>*Bedford Purlieus National Nature Reserve</p><br>
<p>*Fineshade Wood</p><br>
<p>*Fermyn Woods</p><br>
<p>It is famous for its population of red kites which now number 300.</p><br>
<p>Socompa is a large stratovolcano at the border of Argentina and Chile. Part of the Chilean and Argentine Andean Volcanic Belt , it is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the various segments of the AVB. This part of the Andean volcanic arc begins in Peru and runs first theough Bolivia and Chile and then through Argentina and Chile, and contains about 44 active volcanoes. Socompa lies close to the pass of the same name, where the Salta-Antofagasta railway crosses the border.</p><br>
<p>Socompa is known for its large debris avalanche deposit, which was formed 7,200 years ago when most of the northwestern slope collapsed and slided down, forming a large deposit. It was at first considered to be either a moraine or a nuee ardende deposit, until the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens prompted awareness of the instability of volcanic edifices and the existence of large scale collapses on them. The Socompa collapse is among the largest known with a volume of 19.2 km3 and covers a surface area of 490 km&sup2, and its features are well preserved by the arid climate. Notable are the large toreva blocks which were left behind within the collapse crater. After the landslide, the volcano was rebuilt by the effusion of lava flows and much of the scar is now filled in.</p><br>
<p>Socompa is also noteworthy for the high-altitude biotic communities that are bound to fumaroles on the mountain and form well above the regular vegetation in the region. The climate on the mountain is cold and dry.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geomorphology</h2><br>
<p>Socompa is situated on the border between Argentina and Chile, due east of the town of Monturaqui. The Salta–Antofagasta railway crosses the border between the two countries just below Socompa, rendering the volcano easily accessible despite its remote location. The same pass was an important route between the two countries and reportedly between 1940 and 1970 the Carabineros de Chile had a post there. Rails and roads at Socompa go up to an elevation of 3,860 m; from there the volcano can be climbed from its southern, eastern and northern flank. The summit like many other mountains in the region features a mountain sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four volcanic zones of the Andean Volcanic Belt. The Central Volcanic Zone spans Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and contains about 44 active volcanoes, plus a number of monogenetic volcanoes and silicic caldera volcanoes. A number of older inactive volcanoes are well preserved owing to the dry climate of the region. Many of these systems are in remote regions and thus poorly studied but little threat to humans; the largest historical eruption in the Central Volcanic Zone occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina in Peru, and the recently most active volcano is Lascar in Chile.</p><br>
<p>Socompa is a 6,051 m high composite volcano consisting of a central cone and several lava domes. Several dacitic lava flows form the summit area of the volcano, the youngest of which originates in a summit dome. This summit dome is capped off by a summit crater at an altitude of 5,850 m, and four additional craters occur northeast of the summit at altitudes of 5600 to 5800 m. Northwest of the summit, a dacitic lava dome is the source of a 500 m high talus slope. The summit area is surrounded by an inwards-dropping scarp that opens to the northwest and whose southern margin is buried by lava flows. Pyroclastic flows crop out beneath lava flows in the northwestern segment of the volcano, within the scarp. On the southern and eastern side the scarp is 5 km long and 200 - high, while the southern side is about 9 km long. A large wedge-shaped scar is recognizable on the northwestern flank, with prominent scarps running through the western and northern flanks of the edifice forming its delimitation. The existence of a lake in the summit area within the scarps at elevations of 5,300 m has been reported.</p><br>
<p>On the northeastern flank a pumice deposit is well visible. Lava domes are recognizable in the southern and western slopes, while lava flows appear mainly on the eastern and northern slopes. The whole edifice has a diametre of 16 km and originally probably consisted of lava domes, lava flows and various pyroclastic formations like many Central Andes volcanoes. The volcano apparently developed within a northwest-striking valley, the southern part of which now contains Laguna Socompa. This lake lies at an elevation of 3,400 m; to the north the volcano is bordered by the 3,200 m high Monturaqui basin. A water table exists at depths of 100 -, but surface runoff is only ephemeral.</p><br>
<h3>Sector collapse</h3><br>
<p>Socompa suffered a major sector collapse during the Holocene, forming one of the largest terrestrial collapse deposits. The deposit left by the collapse was first discovered on aerial photography in 1978 but the correct interpretation as a landslide occurred in 1985; at first it was interpreted as a form of moraine, then as a large pyroclastic flow and the collapse scar as a caldera.</p><br>
<p>The collapse removed about 70° (about 12 km) of Socompa&#39;s circumference on its northwestern side, descended over a vertical distance of about 3,000 m and redeposited it over distances of over 40 km, at a modelled speed of 100 m/s. As it descended, the collapse landslide accumulated sufficient energy that it was able to override topographic obstacles and climb an elevation of about 250 m; secondary landslides occurred on the principal deposit and there is evidence that the landslide was reflected back from its margins. The collapse occurred in several steps, with the first parts to fail ending up at the largest distances from the volcano; it is not established whether the collapse happened all in one go or as several separate failures. The total volume of material removed was about 19.2 km3, which was dilated as it flowed and eventually ended up as a deposit with a volume of 25.7 km3; thorough mixing of the avalanche material occurred as the landslide progressed. The summit of the volcano was cut by the collapse and some lava domes embedded within the volcano exposed in the rim of the collapse amphitheatre; before the collapse the volcano was about 6,300 m high.</p><br>
<p>The collapse scar was partly filled by blocks left over by the collapse. The walls of the amphitheatre were about 2,000 m high, so high that secondary landslides occurred. The largest of these detached from a dome northwest of the summit and descended a horizontal distance of 6 km, forming a landslide structure notable in its own right and covering about 12 km&sup2;. The central section of the collapse amphitheatre was not a simple collapse structure, but instead contained a secondary scarp. At the mouth of the collapse scar, the walls were lower, about 300 m. After the principal collapse, lava flows and pyroclastic flows - some of which emerge from the western rim of the collapse scar - filled up the scar left by the collapse.</p><br>
<p>A similar collapse was observed in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. In fact, the occurrence of a large landslide at Mount St. Helens probably aided in the subsequent identification of the Socompa deposit as a landslide remnant. Other volcanoes have suffered from large scale collapses as well; this includes Aucanquilcha, Lastarria and Llullaillaco. In the case of Socompa, the occurrence of the collapse was probably influenced by a northwest tilt of the basement the volcano was constructed on; it caused the volcano to slide downward in its northwestern sector and made it prone to a collapse in that direction.</p><br>
<p>The collapse happened about 7,000 years ago, with a date of 7,200 years before present indicated by radiocarbon dating on the deposit; it was not witnessed in historical records. This age and the age of similar collapses on Parinacota volcano also in Chile and Mount Meru in Africa coincide with the 8.2 kiloyear event; volcanic sector collapses often occur just after glacial maxima, suggesting climatic influence on the occurrence of mass failures of volcanoes. This event probably lasted only 12 minutes based on simulations.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence in the collapse deposit that a lava flow was being erupted on the volcano when the landslide occurred, which together with the presence of pyroclastic fallout on the southwestern side of Socompa implies the collapse may have been started by volcanic activity. The quantity of water in the edifice rocks on the other hand was probably minor. Another theory assumes that the volcanic edifice was destabilized by ductile and mechanically weak layers beneath Socompa; under the weight of the volcano these layers can deform and "flow" outward from the edifice, causing the formation of thrusts at its foot. Evidence of such spreading of the basement under Socompa has been found.</p><br>
<p>The collapse generated a large amount of energy, about 380 PJ. Some evidence in the form of tephra suggests that the collapse was accompanied by a lateral blast, whereas other research found no such evidence. Such sector collapse events are catastrophic phenomena, and the debris avalanches associated with them can reach large distances from the original volcano. The fragmentation of rocks during the landslide and the fine material generated during this process might enhance the fluidity of the avalanche, allowing it to extend far away from the source.</p><br>
<h4>Landslide deposit</h4><br>
<p>The collapse deposit covers a surface area of 490 km&sup2, is thus not as large as the deposit left by the Mount Shasta collapse or by the Nevado de Colima collapse. It forms the Negros de Aras surface northwest of the volcano and the El Cenizal surface due north where it has a hook-like surface distribution; the name "Negros de Aras" was given to the deposit before it was known that it had been formed by a landslide. The thickness of the deposit varies, with thin segments in the extreme southeastern and southwestern parts being less than 10 m thick and the central parts reaching 90 m.</p><br>
<p>The deposit spreads to a maximum width of 20 km and is bounded by levees higher than 40 m, which are less prominent on the eastern side. As later parts of the collapse overrode the earlier segments, they formed a northeast-trending scarp in the deposit, across which there is a striking difference in the surface morphology of the collapse. The landslide deposit has been stratigraphically subdivided into two units, the Monturaqui unit and the El Cenizal unit. The first unit forms most of the surface and consists itself of several subunits, one of which includes basement rocks that were integrated into the collapse as it occurred. Likewise, the El Cenizal unit included basement rocks as well, such as playa deposits. The amount of basement material is noticeably large and might form as much as 80% of the landslide volume; the topography of the northwestern side of the volcano may have prevented the mass failure from being localized along the basement-edifice surface area, explaining the large volume of basement involved. Further, the basement-derived material was probably mechanically weak and thus allowed the landslide to move over shallow slopes. This basement material forms part of the white surfaces in the landslide deposit; other bright areas are formed by fumarolically altered material. The basement material was originally considered to be pumice.</p><br>
<p>The landslide deposit contains large blocks, so called toreva blocks, which were torn from the mountain and came to a standstill unmodified, forming ridges up to several 100 m high; the largest such blocks are 2.5 km long and 1 km wide and their total volume is about 11 km3. These blocks form an almost closed semicircle at the mouth of the collapse amphitheatre and in part retain the previous stratigraphy of the volcano. Such toreva blocks are far more frequent in submarine landslides than subaerial ones and their occurrence at Socompa may reflect the relatively non-explosive nature of the collapse and material properties of the collapsed mass. Aside from the toreva blocks, individual blocks with sizes of up to 25 m occur in the deposit and form large boulder fields. In addition to the blocks, the surface of the landslide deposit contains hummock-like hills and small topographic depressions. Part of the landslide deposit was later covered by pyroclastic flows, and this covered area is known as the Campo Amarillo. As it descended, the landslide deposit filled a shallow valley that previously existed northwest of the volcano, as well as a larger northeast-striking depression. A lava flow was rafted on the avalanche to the El Cenizal area and ended up there almost unmodified.</p><br>
<p>The collapse deposit is well preserved by the arid climate, among the best preserved such deposits in the world. However, because of its sheer size its structure and stratigraphy were only appreciated with the help of remote sensing. Pleistocene lava flows and a northwest-striking drainage were buried by the landslide but can still be discerned from aerial imagery; apart from these and some hills though most of the area covered by the landslide was relatively flat. At La Flexura, part of the basement beneath the avalanche crops out from the ground.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>Volcanism in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench at a rate of 7 -. It does not cause volcanism among the entire length of the trench; where the slab is subducting beneath the South America Plate at a shallow angle there is no recent volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>The style of subduction has changed over time. About 27 million years ago, the Farallon Plate which hitherto had been subducting beneath South America broke up and the pace of subduction increased, causing increased volcanism. Around the same time, after the Eocene, the subduction angle increased beneath the Altiplano and caused the development of this plateau either from magmatic underplating and/or from crustal shortening; eventually the crust there became much thicker.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Socompa forms a northeast-trending alignment with neighbouring volcanoes such as Pular and Pajonales, which reach elevations of about 6,000 m. Monogenetic volcanoes were active in the area as well during the Pliocene and Quaternary and generated lava flows. One of these centres is El Negrillar just north of the collapse deposit, which was active during the Pleistocene and formed andesite-basaltic andesite lavas unlike the eruption products of Socompa itself.</p><br>
<p>A 200 km long lineament known as the Socompa Lineament is associated with the volcano. Other volcanoes such as Cordon de Puntas Negras and the rim of the large La Pacana caldera farther north are also influenced by this lineament.</p><br>
<p>To the west Socompa is bordered by the Sierra de Alameida (or Almeida), which farther north merges into the Cordon de Lila. To the east the 6,000 m high Salín volcano neighbours Socompa; other volcanoes in the area are the 5,340 m high Cerro Bayo and the 5,200 m high Socompa Cairis, all of which show evidence of glacial activity unlike the younger Socompa.</p><br>
<h3>Basement</h3><br>
<p>The basement at Socompa is formed by Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations and by Quaternary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The former crop out in the Sierra de Alameida and Alto del Inca west of Socompa and the latter as the 250 m thick Quebrada Salin Beds east of the volcano. Part of these beds were taken up into the avalanche as it collapsed and form the Flexura inliner, others appear in the Loma del Inca area north and the Monturaqui area due west of Socompa. The basement rocks are subdivided into three named formations, the Purilactus Formation of Paleozoic-Mesozoic age, the San Pedro and Tambores formations of Oligocene-Miocene age and the Miocene-Pliocene Salin formation; part of the latter formation may have been erupted by Socompa itself. The volcano is situated at the point where the Sierra de Alameida meets the Puna block.</p><br>
<p>During the Pliocene this basement was covered by the Arenosa and Tucucaro ignimbrites (2.5 and 3.2 million years ago by potassium-argon dating, respectively) which also crop out west of Socompa; Socompa is probably constructed on top of these ignimbrites. The Arenosa ignimbrite is about 30 m thick while the Tucucaro reaches a thickness of 5 m.</p><br>
<p>Some normal faults appear in the area north of Socompa and appear to run through the edifice. While they are not visible in the edifice itself, Socompa was uplifted on its southeastern side by the fault motion. This might have aided in the onset of edifice instability and the collapse event. In addition, directly north-northwest of Socompa lie three anticlines probably formed under the influence of the mass of both Socompa and Pajonales: The Loma del Inca, Loma Alta and La Flexura.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Socompa has erupted andesite and dacite, with dacite dominating. Phenocrysts found in the rocks of the avalanche include the minerals augite, hornblende, hypersthene, magnetite and plagioclase; dacites also contain biotite and andesites olivine. In the summit area, clay, silt and sulfur bearing rocks are also found.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and ecology</h2><br>
<p>There are few data on climate at Socompa. The area is windy and dry given that the volcano lies in the Desert Puna, with frequent snow cover but no glaciers. The relatively low cloud cover means that insolation is high. Weather data collected in 1991 found an average temperature of -5.5 &deg;C, a large diurnal air temperature cycle (and a larger soil temperature cycle of 60 - ) and low evaporation. The present-day precipitation is about has been estimated to be 400 mm/year, with other estimates assuming less than 200 mm/year. Periglacial landforms indicate that in the past the area was wetter, possibly thanks to the Little Ice Age. There is however no evidence for Pleistocene glaciation including no cirques, which may be due to the volcano&#39;s young age.</p><br>
<p>Socompa features autotrophic communities associated with fumaroles and thermal anomalies at high altitude, between 5,750 - of elevation. The autotrophic communities on Socompa are the highest known in the world, and they occur both on the actual fumaroles and on "cold fumaroles". The various species are often extremophiles seeing as the environment on Socompa is harsh, and the communities also include heterotrophic species. Such heterotrophs include ascomycota and basidiomycota, the latter of which have noticeable similarity to Antarctic basidiomycota.</p><br>
<p>The fumaroles on Socompa also feature stands of bryophytes such as liverworts and mosses as well as lichens and algae, and animals have been found in the stands. These stands are among the highest in the world and cover noticeably large surface areas despite their elevation, and are fairly remote from other plant life in the region. There is a noticeable diversity between separate stands, and the vegetation is quite dissimilar to the vegetation in the surroundings but resembles that found in the paramo and cloud forests in South America and the subantarctic islands. A sparse vegetation cover is also found on the lower slopes of Socompa.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Activity at Socompa commenced with the extrusion of andesites, which were followed later by dacites. Several Plinian eruptions have occurred on Socompa. After the sector collapse 7,200 years ago, activity continued filling the collapse scar. The explosion craters on the summit are the youngest volcanic landforms on Socompa. The youngest eruption was dated to have occurred 5,250 years before present.</p><br>
<p>The absence of moraines on Socompa suggests that volcanic activity occurred during the post-glacial time. The volcano also has a young appearance, similar to historically active Andean volcanoes such as San Pedro, implying recent volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>There is no evidence for historical activity at Socompa and the volcano is not considered an active volcano, but both fumarolic activity and the emission of have been observed. The fumarolic activity is relatively weak, anecdotal reports indicate a smell of sulfur on the summit. Groundwater is warmer and richer in the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano., the Chilean mining company Escondida Mining was considering to build a geothermal power plant on Socompa to supply energy.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Tipas  is a massive complex volcano in the Andes, located in northwestern Argentina. It is just southwest of Ojos del Salado, the highest volcano in the world. Tipas itself is perhaps the third highest active volcano in the world, and it consists of stratovolcanoes, lava domes, and lava flows. Its summit is 6,668 m above sea level and the complex covers a surface area of 25 km&sup2;. There are reports of fumarolic activity, and de Silva and Francis  considered that the volcano was last active in the Holocene. The Tipas-Cerro Bayo complex was active 2.9-1.2 million years ago with dacites and rhyolites. Magma composition is typical for Andean stratovolcanoes. Tomographic studies of the underlying crust indicate a pattern of seismic attenuation beneath Tipas.</p><br>
<p>The Alatna River is a federally designated wild and scenic river partially contained within the boundaries of Gates of the Arctic National Park, Alaska. It is called one of the most beautiful rivers in the United States. The Alatna River stems from the central Brooks Range flowing through the Endicott Mountains, passing Circle Lake, the Arrigetch Peaks and Takahula Lake before entering the Helpmejack Hills. The last section of the river continues to flow in a SSE direction through the Alatna Hills into its confluence with the Koyukuk River near the small village of Allakaket. The first 25 mi of the Alatna are shallow and rocky, followed by 15 mi of a continued shallow area with more rapids. The river then mellows out near Takahula and Circle Lake becoming deeper and more meandering while the scenery turns from mountain peaks into hilly boreal forest. According to The Alaska River Guide, this river is 184 mi long from the headwaters to Allakaket and 137 mi from Circle Lake to Allakaket.</p><br>
<p>The river is very popular for float trips due to its calm flow and wonderful scenery. Float trips usually take from four to fourteen days, depending on put-in spot and pick-up spot, and also weather/river conditions. One common place to put in is Circle Lake, a small lake which is float plane accessible and is located in a beautiful part of the valley. Another place to put in is Takahula Lake, a larger, float-plane accessible lake, further downstream from Circle Lake. Gaedeke Lake is also a possible put in spot, but according to the Alaska River Guide, this upstream section near the headwaters of the river is shallow and rocky making portaging or lining necessary. Most floaters take out at the village of Allakaket.</p><br>
<p>Gummer&#39;s How is a hill in the southern part of the Lake District, on the eastern shore of Windermere, near its southern end. How, derived from the Old Norse word haugr, is a common local term for a hill or mound.</p><br>
<p>Although a relatively small hill (321 metres above sea level) by the standards of the Lake District, it is the highest of the foothills in the area, and commands excellent views, particularly along Windermere (the summit looks out over the magnificent Town Head House estate towards the lake), but also across to the Coniston fells and the central fells, as well as the broad panorama of Morecambe Bay. There is an OS trig point on the summit.</p><br>
<p>The walk to the summit is usually from the road at Astley&#39;s Plantation car park, itself at over 200 metres above sea level, and only 700 metres from the summit. Although short and easy by most standards, and popular with families, it has many of the characteristics of a walk in the higher Lakeland fells, with some (short) steep slopes, rocks to negotiate, and rowan, bracken and heather. The lower slopes are forested, but the upper portion is moorland.</p><br>
<p>Gummers How is the subject of a chapter of Wainwrights book The Outlying Fells of Lakeland. He describes it as "an old man&#39;s mountain", and says of it: "And when ancient legs can no longer climb it know ye that the sad day has come to hung up the boots for ever and take to slippers".</p><br>
